全文获取类型
收费全文 | 31492篇 |
免费 | 1336篇 |
国内免费 | 2724篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1811篇 |
大气科学 | 3861篇 |
地球物理 | 6242篇 |
地质学 | 14887篇 |
海洋学 | 2005篇 |
天文学 | 1989篇 |
综合类 | 2786篇 |
自然地理 | 1971篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 27篇 |
2023年 | 113篇 |
2022年 | 304篇 |
2021年 | 337篇 |
2020年 | 281篇 |
2019年 | 345篇 |
2018年 | 5011篇 |
2017年 | 4262篇 |
2016年 | 2909篇 |
2015年 | 575篇 |
2014年 | 504篇 |
2013年 | 475篇 |
2012年 | 1325篇 |
2011年 | 3072篇 |
2010年 | 2335篇 |
2009年 | 2685篇 |
2008年 | 2182篇 |
2007年 | 2615篇 |
2006年 | 327篇 |
2005年 | 466篇 |
2004年 | 600篇 |
2003年 | 637篇 |
2002年 | 449篇 |
2001年 | 269篇 |
2000年 | 329篇 |
1999年 | 430篇 |
1998年 | 338篇 |
1997年 | 321篇 |
1996年 | 321篇 |
1995年 | 273篇 |
1994年 | 226篇 |
1993年 | 203篇 |
1992年 | 163篇 |
1991年 | 136篇 |
1990年 | 113篇 |
1989年 | 116篇 |
1988年 | 101篇 |
1987年 | 55篇 |
1986年 | 60篇 |
1985年 | 44篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 20篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 45篇 |
1980年 | 37篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 7篇 |
1958年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Parameterization of the thermal impacts of sub-grid orography on numerical modeling of the surface energy budget over East Asia 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Summary A parameterization scheme for the thermal effects of subgrid scale orography is incorporated into a regional climate model
(developed at Nanjing University) and its impact on modeling of the surface energy budget over East Asia is evaluated. This
scheme includes the effect of terrain slope and orientation on the computation of solar and infrared radiation fluxes at the
surface, as well as the surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. Calculations show that subgrid terrain parameters alter the
diurnal cycle and horizontal distributions of surface energy budget components. This effect becomes more significant with
increased terrain slope, especially in winter. Due to the inclusion of the subgrid topography, the surface area of a model
grid box changes over complex terrain areas. Numerical experiments, with and without the subgrid scale topography scheme,
show that the parameterization scheme of subgrid scale topography modifies the distribution of the surface energy budget and
surface temperature around the Tibetan Plateau. Comparisons with observations indicate that the subgrid topography scheme,
implemented in the climate model, reproduces the observed detailed spatial temperature structures at the eastern edge of the
Tibetan Plateau and reduces the tendency to overestimate precipitation along the southern coastal areas of China in summer. 相似文献
992.
Ting Wei Jian Li Xinyao Rong Wenjie Dong Bingyi Wu Minghu Ding 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(6):881-895
The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model (CAMS-CSM) is a newly developed global climate model that will participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6. Based on historical simulations (1900?2013), we evaluate the model performance in simulating the observed characteristics of the Arctic climate system, which includes air temperature, precipitation, the Arctic Oscillation (AO), ocean temperature/salinity, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), snow cover, and sea ice. The model?data comparisons indicate that the CAMS-CSM reproduces spatial patterns of climatological mean air temperature over the Arctic (60°?90°N) and a rapid warming trend from 1979 to 2013. However, the warming trend is overestimated south of the Arctic Circle, implying a subdued Arctic amplification. The distribution of climatological precipitation in the Arctic is broadly captured in the model, whereas it shows limited skills in depicting the overall increasing trend. The AO can be reproduced by the CAMS-CSM in terms of reasonable patterns and variability. Regarding the ocean simulation, the model underestimates the AMOC and zonally averaged ocean temperatures and salinity above a depth of 500 m, and it fails to reproduce the observed increasing trend in the upper ocean heat content in the Arctic. The large-scale distribution of the snow cover extent (SCE) in the Northern Hemisphere and the overall decreasing trend in the spring SCE are captured by the CAMS-CSM, while the biased magnitudes exist. Due to the underestimation of the AMOC and the poor quantification of air–sea interaction, the CAMS-CSM overestimates regional sea ice and underestimates the observed decreasing trend in Arctic sea–ice area in September. Overall, the CAMS-CSM reproduces a climatological distribution of the Arctic climate system and general trends from 1979 to 2013 compared with the observations, but it shows limited skills in modeling local trends and interannual variability. 相似文献
993.
UV attenuation in the cloudy atmosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jianhui Bai 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,62(3):211-228
Ultraviolet (UV) energy absorption plays a very important role in the Earth–atmosphere system. Based on observational data
for Beijing, we suggest that some atmospheric constituents utilize or transfer UV energy in chemical and photochemical (C&P) reactions, in addition to those which absorb UV energy directly. These constituents are primarily volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) emitted from both vegetative and anthropogenic sources. The total UV energy loss in the cloudy atmosphere for Beijing
in 1990 was 78.9 Wm−2. This attenuation was caused by ozone (48.3 Wm−2), other compounds in the atmosphere (26.6 Wm−2) and a scattering factor (4.0 Wm−2). Our results for a cloudy atmosphere in the Beijing area show that the absorption due to these other compounds occurs largely
through the mediation of water vapor. This fraction of energy loss has not been fully accounted for in previous models. Observations
and previous models results suggest that 1) a cloudy atmosphere absorbs 25∼30 Wm−2 more solar shortwave radiation than models predict; and 2) aerosols can significantly decrease the downward mean UV-visible
radiation and the absorbed solar radiation at the surface by up to 28 and 23 Wm−2, respectively. Thus, quantitative study of UV and visible absorption by atmospheric constituents involved in homogeneous
and heterogeneous C&P reactions is important for atmospheric models. 相似文献
994.
José Luís Argaín Miguel A. C. Teixeira Pedro M. A. Miranda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2017,165(1):145-160
A method is proposed for estimating the surface-layer depth \((z_s)\) and the friction velocity \((u_*)\) as a function of stability (here quantified by the Obukhov length, L) over the complete range of unstable flow regimes. This method extends that developed previously for stable conditions by Argaín et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 130:15–28, 2009), but uses a qualitatively different approach. The method is specifically used to calculate the fractional speed-up \((\varDelta S)\) in flow over a ridge, although it is suitable for more general boundary-layer applications. The behaviour of \(z_s \left( L\right) \) and \(u_*\left( L\right) \) as a function of L is indirectly assessed via calculation of \(\varDelta S\left( L\right) \) using the linear model of Hunt et al. (Q J R Meteorol Soc 29:16–26, 1988) and its comparison with the field measurements reported in Coppin et al. (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 69:173–199, 1994) and with numerical simulations carried out using a non-linear numerical model, FLEX. The behaviour of \(\varDelta S\) estimated from the linear model is clearly improved when \(u_*\) is calculated using the method proposed here, confirming the importance of accounting for the dependences of \(z_s\left( L \right) \) and \(u_*\left( L \right) \) on L to better represent processes in the unstable boundary layer. 相似文献
995.
Juan Huang Yanli Feng Jian Li Bin Xiong Jialiang Feng Sheng Wen Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Minghong Wu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):1-20
The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering
winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls
were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of
19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m−3 respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with
peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer
and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed
obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected
in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution
of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher
concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants
from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou,
the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in
Shanghai was even worse than expected. 相似文献
996.
Interdecadal change in the connection between Hadley circulation and winter temperature in East Asia 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the interdecadal variability of Hadley circulation (HC) and its association with East Asian temperature in winter are investigated. Results indicate that the Northern Hemisphere winter HC underwent apparent change in the 1970s, with transition occurring around 1976/77. Along with interdecadal variability of HC, its linkage to surface air temperature (SAT) in East Asia also varied decadally, from weak relations to strong relations. Such a change may be related to the interaction between HC and the atmospheric circulation system over the Philippines, which is associated with the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). Before the 1970s, the connection between HC and the anticyclonic circulation around the Philippines was insignificant, but after the late 1970s their linkage entered a strong regime. The intensification of this connection may therefore be responsible for the strong relations between HC and East Asian winter temperatures after the late 1970s. 相似文献
997.
Implementation of a surface runoff model with Horton and Dunne mechanisms into the regional climate model RegCM_NCC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A surface runoff parameterization scheme that dynamically represents both Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell together with a consideration of the subgrid-scaie soil heterogeneity, is implemented into the National Climate Center regional climate model (RegCM_NCC). The effects of the modified surface runoff scheme on RegCMANCC performance are tested with an abnormal heavy rainfall process which occurred in summer 1998. Simulated results show that the model with the original surface runoff scheme (noted as CTL) basically captures the spatial pattern of precipitation, circulation and land surface variables, but generally overestimates rainfall compared to observations. The model with the new surface runoff scheme (noted as NRM) reasonably reproduces the distribution pattern of various variables and effectively diminishes the excessive precipitation in the CTL. The processes involved in the improvement of NRM-simulated rainfall may be as follows: with the new surface runoff scheme, simulated surface runoff is larger, soil moisture and evaporation (latent heat flux) are decreased, the available water into the atmosphere is decreased; correspondingly, the atmosphere is drier and rainfall is decreased through various processes. Therefore, the implementation of the new runoff scheme into the RegCMANCC has a significant effect on results at not only the land surface, but also the overlying atmosphere. 相似文献
998.
西北地区东部夏季温度特征及与热带SSTA的相关分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
本文利用1951-1997年我国西北地区东部15个测站的地面气温资料和1950-1996年热带太平洋地区月平均海温资料,分析了西北地区东部夏季(6-8月)气温的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,以及热带太平洋各区域海温异常与西北地区东部气温变化之间的联系。分析结果表明:用EOF分解得到的前三个主要特征向量(占总方差的80%以上)基本反映了西北地区东部的气温变化特征,用这三个特征向量重建的气温距平均,存在 相似文献
999.
In current operational numerical weather prediction models, the effect of shallow convection is parametrized. The grey zone of shallow convection is found between the horizontal resolutions of mesoscale numerical models (2–3 km) and large-eddy simulations (10–100 m or finer). At these horizontal scales the shallow convection is to some extent explicitly resolved by the model. The shallow-convection parametrization is still needed, but has to be regulated according to the model horizontal resolution. Here the behaviour of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale numerical weather prediction model Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale is examined in the grey zone and a new scale-adaptive surface closure of its shallow-convection parametrization, dependent on horizontal resolution, is defined based on large-eddy simulation. The new closure is tested on a series of numerical experiments and validated on a 15-day-long real case period. Its impact on the development of deep convection is examined in detail. The idealized simulations show promising results, as the mean profiles of the subgrid and resolved turbulence change in the desired way. Based on the real case tests our modification has a low impact on model performance, but is part of a set of upgrades of the current parametrization that is aimed to treat the shallow convection grey zone. 相似文献
1000.