A rock fall of the north Zhongtiao Shan fault and the Yongji earthquake in 793, Shanxi Province,North China

Earthquake is the main driving factor of landslides, and a large number of empirical formulas for seismic parameters have been proposed. This article studies a rock avalanche triggered by a paleoearthquake and two trial trenches in Yongji, Shanxi Province. Six quartz samples were collected from different parts on the top of the boulder, and the youngest ¹⁰Be exposure age is 1173 ± 123 years, which is considered as the occurrence time of the rock fall. The trenches excavated near the boulder infer that there was an earthquake between 2000 ± 110 and 465 ± 45 cal a bp in the north Zhongtiao Shan (NZS) fault with a maximum vertical displacement of 1.5 m and the surface rupture length (SRL) of ~35 km corresponding to a magnitude (M _S) of 6.70 ± 0.12 based on the displacement. Taking into account the occurrence time and minimum magnitude triggering the rock fall, the latest paleoearthquake revealed by trenches may be the forcing factor. Furthermore, according to historical records of Yongji, the earthquake of magnitude 6 in ad 793 is in consistency with the occurrence time and magnitude of the earthquake triggering the landslide. Therefore, the rock fall is related to the paleoearthquake revealed by the trenches, which may be the 793 Yongji earthquake.     

Niches of dominant fish in the waters surrounding the Taishan Islands,China

An index of relative importance (IRI) was employed to screen for dominant fish in the waters surrounding the Taishan Islands, China, using data from four seasonal trawl surveys undertaken between 2012 and 2013. Niche breadth and niche overlap were measured using the Feinsinger and Morisita-Horn indices, respectively, and the characteristics and seasonal variations in the niches of dominant fish were assessed via non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and cluster analysis. A total of 80 fish species, including 16 dominant species, were recorded. Only Amblychaeturichthys hexanema was dominant in all seasons. According to niche breadth values and NMDS, the 16 dominant species were grouped into the following three types: (1) wide niche breadth species, including Cynoglossus macrolepidotus, A. hexanema, and Trypauchen vagina, among others; (2) medium niche breadth species, including Setipinna taty and Johnius belangerii; and (3) narrow niche breadth species, including Atrobucca nibe and Coilia mystus. Most species with a wider niche breadth were demersal fish with a lower swimming capability and even distribution. The niche breadth of migrating fish was narrower than that of settled fish. At a given spatial scale, fish with stronger swimming capabilities had a narrower niche breadth. Niche overlap, which is associated with niche specialization, ranged from 0.000 to 0.886 and had an annual mean value of 0.314. In summer and autumn, niche overlap was relatively high within species of the Sciaenidae family and within species of the Gobiidae in autumn. Differences in thermophily, feeding habits, food organism abundance/distribution and predator-prey relationships affected the niche overlap of fish in this area. Cluster analysis revealed that species with the narrowest niche breadth and lowest niche overlap values usually displayed lower aggregation and greater distribution differences compared with other species.     

海洋渔业养殖鱼用疫苗的经济效用分析——以鲆鲽类养殖为例

随着高密度工厂化养殖和海水污染的日益严重,诸多鱼类疾病相继出现,导致用药成本上升和死亡率提高,对渔业养殖造成重大的经济损失。文章通过对27家鲆鲽类养殖企业单位成本变动分析,研究鱼用疫苗使用的直接经济效用和间接经济效益。分析结果表明,鱼用疫苗的使用不仅节约鱼药的使用量,同时降低鱼苗的死亡率,给鲆鲽类养殖产业带来可观的经济效益和社会效益,对整个产业的发展意义重大。     

3S技术在突发地质灾害应急管理中的应用

针对传统灾害应急管理中存在重灾后应急处置、轻灾前应急管理的问题,提出了一种基于3S技术的突发地质灾害应急管理方法。将3S技术与突发地质灾害应急管理过程进行了深度融合,深入分析了3S技术在突发地质灾害应急管理中的作用,主要包括突发地质灾害时空数据获取与管理、空间信息二三维可视化表达、应急监测与评估、空间分析等方面。并在此基础上,基于MapGIS K9平台设计并实现了突发地质灾害应急管理原型系统,为突发地质灾害应急信息化相关应用系统提供原型支撑。     

Relative contributions of boundary-layer meteorological factors to the explosive growth of PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> during the red-alert heavy pollution episodes in Beijing in December 2016

Based on observations of urban mass concentration of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter (PM_2.5), ground meteorological data, vertical measurements of winds, temperature, and relative humidity (RH), and ECMWF reanalysis data, the major changes in the vertical structures of meteorological factors in the boundary layer (BL) during the heavy aerosol pollution episodes (HPEs) that occurred in winter 2016 in the urban Beijing area were analyzed. The HPEs are divided into two stages: the transport of pollutants under prevailing southerly winds, known as the transport stage (TS), and the PM_2.5 explosive growth and pollution accumulation period characterized by a temperature inversion with low winds and high RH in the lower BL, known as the cumulative stage (CS). During the TS, a surface high lies south of Beijing, and pollutants are transported northwards. During the CS, a stable BL forms and is characterized by weak winds, temperature inversion, and moisture accumulation. Stable atmospheric stratification featured with light/calm winds and accumulated moisture (RH > 80%) below 250 m at the beginning of the CS is closely associated with the inversion, which is strengthened by the considerable decrease in near-surface air temperature due to the interaction between aerosols and radiation after the aerosol pollution occurs. A significant increase in the PLAM (Parameter Linking Aerosol Pollution and Meteorological Elements) index is found, which is linearly related to PM mass change. During the first 10 h of the CS, the more stable BL contributes approximately 84% of the explosive growth of PM_2.5 mass. Additional accumulated near-surface moisture caused by the ground temperature decrease, weak turbulent diffusion, low BL height, and inhibited vertical mixing of water vapor is conducive to the secondary aerosol formation through chemical reactions, including liquid phase and heterogeneous reactions, which further increases the PM_2.5 concentration levels. The contribution of these reaction mechanisms to the explosive growth of PM_2.5 mass during the early CS and subsequent pollution accumulation requires further investigation.     

北半球秋季欧亚遥相关与华西秋雨的关系

利用EOF、相关分析、合成分析等常规统计方法研究华西秋雨与秋季欧亚遥相关(EUa)的关系。结果表明:北半球秋季欧亚遥相关(EUa)指数与华西秋雨呈显著的负相关,两者具有一致的阶段性特征。以1986年为界,20世纪80年代中期之前华西秋雨与EUa指数相关系数波动较大,均在-0.4以上,显著相关区主要集中于四川盆地西南部、贵州大部;20世纪80年代中期之后两者相关系数呈显著增加趋势,且显著相关区域向北偏移,主要集中于四川东北部、重庆大部以及陕西南部地区。EUa异常与华西秋雨的多寡关系显著。EUa正异常年,中高纬度环流形势与水汽特征有利于华西秋雨北部地区降水发生,华西秋雨南部地区缺乏水汽,动力条件不足,不利于秋雨偏多。EUa负异常年,华西秋雨东部地区,表现为有利于降水偏多,而西部地区则特征相反。     

基于WLC的中国气象局无线网络技术

CMA-Wireless(China Meteorological Administration-Wireless,中国气象局无线网络)为气象园区移动办公和视频会商提供基础支持服务。原有CMA-Wireless覆盖范围有限,缺乏身份认证过程,存在安全隐患,无法实现精细化管理,难以满足气象现代化建设的未来需求。本文以原有无线网络架构为基础,WLC(Wireless LAN Controller,无线局域网控制器)为核心,通过网络结构冗余化、堆叠技术、无线网络安全保护系统、有源以太网AP(Wireless Access Point,无线访问接入点)扩充等结构和技术,对气象业务数据传输的特点进行研究,弥补了原有网络的不足,从而实现了对移动办公、视频会商的完美支持,为气象系统无线网络的推广起到推动作用。     

地质灾害监测预警信息共享机制研究

为了提高共同防御地质灾害能力、建立多部门地质灾害监测预警信息的共享机制,该文运用云计算技术设计了一种面向服务的"终端-云端-虚拟端"架构模式,由国土资源、气象、水利等部门共同参与的地质灾害监测预警信息共享总体设计框架,并探讨了气象水利雨量数据对接标准建设、数据服务接口建设、地质灾害数据中心建设以及功能服务建设,为终端应用系统和用户提供一系列标准化的功能服务。最后通过原型系统验证,结果证明了提出方法的可行性。     

皱纹盘鲍育苗期间稚鲍电剥离技术的应用研究

水温 2 0℃条件下 ,选用 6种方式进行稚鲍剥离对比实验。电剥离方式在剥离效率、稚鲍存活率 (长、短期 )及生长速度方面均具有明显的优势 ;混合气体处理与升温刺激的剥离效果最差 ,其余 3种方式 (酒精、氨基甲酸乙酯、乙基氨基香酸麻醉 )没有显著差异。对不同规格稚鲍剥离实验结果表明 ,8mm以下稚鲍选用高强度电剥离 ( 0 .5～ 0 .7V/ cm)方式为最佳 ;8～ 10 mm稚鲍选用中强度 ( 0 .3～ 0 .4 V/ cm) ;12 mm以上稚鲍可使用低强度电剥离 ( 0 .1～ 0 .2 V/ cm)方式。