数值天气预报并行计算模式的设计与可行性讨论

使用TRANSPUTER并行计算机，设计数值天气预报的三种并行计算方案，并且利用二阶和四阶扩散模式，讨论这几种方案的可行性，分析它们的特点和应用范围。其结果为在TRANSPUTER并行计算上实现数值天气预报并行计算模式提供参考。     

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Climate and climate change

Climate and climate change have always been a research focus of atmospheric sciences. This paper summaries research efforts, achievements and international contributions of the Chinese scientific community on climate and climate change over the past 70 years. The review is based on papers published officially in national or international scientific journals,and is organized to cover six aspects:(1) general climate studies;(2) impact of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau;(3) impact of the East Asian monsoon;(4) influences of teleconnection oscillation and westerlies;(5) climate dynamics and development of climate models; and(6) climate change. It is, however, to be noted that the present review can not be considered as an exhaustive one, since there is a huge body of literature in the field.     

基于MODIS数据的2001—2018年中国耕地复种指数反演研究

耕地复种指数的持续稳定关乎国家粮食安全战略,实时高效地获取复种指数时空演变的详细过程信息具有重要意义。论文基于2001—2018年500 m分辨率的MODIS09A1影像数据,利用小波谱顶点的快速自动检测方法获取了全国复种指数的时空分布图,并采用Mann-Kendall检验、启发式分割算法等方法开展了全国复种指数变化形式的时空演变规律及驱动机制研究。结果表明：全国耕地复种指数稳中有升,复种指数均值从2001年的1.14上升至2018年的1.30。全国6%的耕地面积复种指数发生显著变化(约13.5万km²),相当于一个安徽省的面积。复种指数增加面积约占变化面积的2/3,复种指数下降面积约占变化面积的1/3。其中,复种指数增加的面积主要来源于黄土高原区、甘新区的休耕转为单季以及黄淮海区单季转双季,且集中在2004—2013年。2013年至今,全国复种指数仍呈增加趋势,黄淮海区单季转双季的面积保持持续增加是重要的影响因素。复种指数下降的面积主要来源于2009—2013年长江中下游平原区的双季转单季。保持黄土高原区、甘新区的耕地有效种植面积以及黄淮区耕地的双季种植面积,适当抑制长江中下游地区耕地复种指数的下降态势,对于稳定耕地复种指数、确保粮食安全具有重要意义。     

参苓白术散合穴位贴敷治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征36例临床观察

目的：观察参苓白术散合穴位贴敷治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征的临床疗效。方法：将72例腹泻型肠易激综合征患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各36例。治疗组予参苓白术散合穴位贴敷治疗,对照组予匹维溴铵片治疗。2组均治疗6周。比较2组治疗前后腹痛、腹胀、腹泻积分,评定2组综合疗效。结果：总有效率治疗组为94.44%（34/36）,对照组为72.22%（26/36）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组腹痛、腹胀、腹泻积分治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：参苓白术散合穴位贴敷治疗腹泻型肠易激综合征疗效较好,值得临床借鉴。     

内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系

采用2005-2007年乌梁素海监测数据,对乌梁素海水体中叶绿素a浓度的时空分布进行分析,并对叶绿素a浓度与总氮、总磷浓度相关关系进行研究,结果表明:乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征,在时间上,5月份>7、8月份>10月份>9月份>6月份,可以看出5月份、10月份叶绿素a浓度偏高,其原因是乌梁素海特殊的地域性,补水来源主要为河套灌区的农田退水,5月份、10月份正处于春浇秋灌时期,农田退水携带充足的氮磷元素进入乌梁素海,使藻类迅速增长繁殖;在空间上,北部区>南部区.通过分析得出,2006年叶绿素a与氮、磷浓度的相关关系在5月、10月存在明显的相关性,8月份相关性较小,其他月份无明显相关性.     

The relation of vegetation over the Tibetan Plateau to rainfall in China during the boreal summer

The relationship between vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and summer (June–August) rainfall in China is investigated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Earth Resources Observation System and observed rainfall data from surface 616 stations in China for the period 1982–2001. The leading mode of empirical orthogonal functions analysis for summer rainfall variability in China shows a negative anomaly in the area from the Yangtze River valley to the Yellow River valley (YYR) and most of western China, and positive anomalies in southern China and North China. This mode is significantly correlated with summer NDVI around the southern TP. This finding indicates that vegetation around the southern TP has a positive correlation with summer rainfall in southern China and North China, but a negative correlation with summer rainfall in YYR and western China. We investigate the physical process by which vegetation change affects summer rainfall in China. Increased vegetation around the southern TP is associated with a descending motion anomaly on the TP and the neighboring area to the east, resulting in reduced surface heating and a lower Bowen ratio, accompanied by weaker divergence in the upper troposphere and convergence in the lower troposphere on the TP. In turn, these changes result in the weakening of and a westward shift in the southern Asian High in the upper troposphere and thereby the weakening of and an eastward withdrawal in the western Pacific subtropical high. These features result in weak circulation in the East Asian summer monsoon. Consequently, enhanced summer rainfall occurs in southern China and North China, but reduced rainfall in YYR.     

基于通用图形处理器的GRAPES长波辐射并行方案

随着通用图形处理器 (GPGPU) 计算技术的快速发展,通过大规模增加处理系统的并发度来提升性能成为计算机高性能计算的最新趋势。目前,通用图形处理器已经被应用到科学计算的诸多领域。长波辐射作为GRAPES模式中极为重要的物理过程,其巨大的计算量对整个GRAPES模式的运行效率有重要影响。该文依托NVIDIA公司计算统一设备架构 (CUDA) 技术平台,以GRAPES全球模式中长波辐射传输方案为例,对其进行了大规模并发设计和优化,在保持系统结果一致的前提下,对比单颗高端CPU,Tesla C1060 GPGPU具有11倍的加速效果,明显提升了GRAPES全球模式的执行速度和预报时效。研究表明:使用通用图形处理器技术提升数值预报模式的执行速度非常有潜力。     

半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的动能谱分析

大量的观测事实表明自由大气动能谱与波数之间满足如下关系：在大尺度区域满足E∝k -3关系,过渡到中尺度区域表现为E ∝ k -5/3 关系。数值模式动能谱是测量模式动力框架的耗散的直接度量,而耗散对模式的性能有着重要影响,因此动能谱是研究和评估模式动力框架的非常规的有效方法。文中使用基于半隐式半拉格朗日动力框架的全球/区域一体化模式GRAPES进行数值模拟试验,然后计算GRAPES模式的动能谱并与实际观测得到的大气动能谱比较,得到GRAPES模式能够很好地复制出实际大气动能谱的分布特征,包括从大尺度区域的E ∝ k -3 关系向中尺度的E∝k-5/3 关系的过渡特征。并且发现GRAPES模式存在最大有效时间步长,当时间步长小于最大有效时间步长时,模式动能谱随时间步长增大而逐渐衰减;当时间步长大于最大有效时间步长时,模式动能谱随时间步长增大而虚假增长。同时通过与实际大气动能谱比较,发现模式动能谱在5Δx波长附近开始明显衰减,因此将5Δ x 波长定义为GRAPES模式的最高有效分辨尺度;当空间分辨率提高与时间步长等相协调时,中小尺度模式动能谱向中小尺度延伸而更接近实际大气动能谱;当空间分辨率提高与时间步长等不相协调时,中小尺度模式动能谱存在较大误差,相应的大尺度模式动能谱亦存在较大误差。此外,时间步长对模式spin up过程有着重要的影响,较小时间步长时,spin up过程能够很好发展出合理的动能谱结构,在物理空间上表现为模式能够在spin up时间内生成和发展出合理的中小尺度系统;而较大时间步长时,spin up过程很难发展出合理的动能谱结构,在物理空间上表现为模式未能在spin up时间内生成和发展出合理的中小尺度系统。最后,GRAPES模式动能谱与WRF模式动能谱具有一致性,GRAPES全球中期模式能够完美地模拟出大尺度的 E ∝ k -3动能谱特征。综上所述,本文通过研究GRAPES模式动力框架的动能谱得到了一些有意义的结果,为进一步研究、完善、优化和应用模式提供了科学的指导,可见动能谱是评估模式动力框架的有效方法。     

Intercomparison of GPS radiosonde soundings during the eastern tropical Indian Ocean experiment

Temperature and relative humidity profiles derived from two China-made global positioning system（GPS） radiosondes（GPS-TK and CF-06-A） during the east tropical Indian Ocean（ETIO） experiment were compared with Vaisala RS92-SGP to assess the performances of China-made radiosondes over the tropical ocean.The results show that there have relative large biases in temperature observations between the GPSTK and the RS92-SGP in the low troposphere,with a warm bias of greater than 2 K in the day and a cooling bias of 0.6 K at night.The temperature differences of the CF-06-A were small in the troposphere both in daytime and nighttime,and became large peak-to-peak fluctuations in the stratosphere.The intercomparison of the relative humidity showed that the CF-06-A had large random errors due to the limitation of sensors and the lack of correction scheme,and the GPS-TK had large systematic biases in the low troposphere which might be related to the temperature impact.GPS height measurements are clearly suitable for China-made radiosonde systems operation.At night,the CF-06-A and the GPS-TK could provide virtual potential temperature and atmospheric boundary layer height measurements of suitable quality for both weather and climate research.As a result of the intercomparison experiment,major errors in the Chinamade radiosonde systems were well indentified and subsequently rectified to ensure improving accuracy for historical and future radiosondes.