The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes: distribution and preliminary risk evaluation

The Wenchuan earthquake, measured at M _s 8.0 according to the China Earthquake Administration, occurred at 14:28 on 12 May 2008 in the Sichuan Province of China. It brought overwhelming destruction to eight provinces and cities. Landslides and rock avalanches triggered by the earthquake produced 257 landslide lakes which were distributed along the fault rupture zone and river channels. The authors traveled to the disaster zone immediately after the earthquake to examine some of the features of the debris dams and performed a quick evaluation of the potential for outburst of earthquake-induced landslide lakes for the purpose of disaster relief. The preliminary analysis indicated that the landslide lakes could be classified as those exhibiting extremely high risk, medium risk, and low risk according to field observations and remote sensing, to determine material composition, dam structure, dam height, maximum water storage capacity, and size of the population potentially affected area. The failure risk of 21 debris dams were evaluated as follows: one dam with an extremely high danger risk, seven dams with a high danger, five dams with a medium danger, and eight dams of low danger. More concern was given to the Tangjiashan Lake and different scenarios for the potential sudden failure of its dam were assessed. The risk evaluation result was accepted in full, by the earthquake disaster relief office. A successful emergency dam treatment for risk reduction was planned, based on our assessments, and these measures were quickly carried out. According to this research, the earthquake destabilized the surrounding mountains, resulting in a prolonged geohazard for the area. Landslides and debris flows will continue to develop for at least 5 to 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake and will produce additional dammed lakes. Recommendations and plans for earthquake–landslide lake mitigation were proposed, based on past successful practices.     

青岛灵山岛下白垩统湖泊风暴沉积与风暴作用

灵山岛背来石剖面发育了非常典型的湖泊风暴岩和风暴作用。非常典型的丘、洼状构造发育在火山岩底部的砂页岩中。丘状构造呈典型的丘状,规模不一,小者高数厘米,宽数十厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽12. 48m;具有典型的二元结构：底部为灰色或浅灰色的砂砾岩或砂岩;顶部为深灰色 黑色泥岩、页岩或薄层砂岩互层。砂砾岩分选磨圆均很差,砾石主要为片麻岩,直径多在数毫米到3~4cm,呈悬浮式胶结。砾岩底部为凹凸不平的侵蚀面,砾岩向丘状构造两翼变薄甚至尖灭,与下部侵蚀面呈典型的角度交切。丘状构造的上部的细粒层有四个要素：①上凸形态;②丘状交错层理;③下细上粗的二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。洼状构造也具有典型的洼状,规模也不一,小者高数厘米,宽十余厘米;大者高2. 4m,宽18. 70m,具有下细上粗的（反)二元结构,但底部多为深灰 灰黑色、甚至黑色的泥岩、页岩或夹薄层砂岩,上部多为砂岩、砂砾岩或砾岩。完整的洼状构造也有四个要素：①下凹形态;②或有洼状交错层理;③下细上粗的（反)二元结构;④底部具侵蚀面。丘状构造与洼状构造在空间上相邻共生,但不是同时形成的,一个连续的完整序列是丘状构造形成在先,洼状构造形成在后,其间由一个粒度较细的薄层分隔开（风暴最高水位时的“静”水沉积)。基于实验和丘洼构造参数计算了风暴浪的相关参数。     

惠民凹陷古近系砂岩储层物性控制因素评价

影响惠民凹陷古近系砂岩储集层物性主要因素有沉积条件、压实、碳酸盐胶结和溶蚀作用。沉积条件对物性的影响主要表现在对原生孔隙的发育程度和对溶蚀、胶结等成岩作用的控制方面;压实作用对孔隙度的影响主要表现在埋藏早期或碳酸盐胶结程度低的阶段,埋深每增加1 000 ｍ,孔隙度降低约8%~9%;胶结作用对储集层性质影响与成岩演化阶段有关,成岩演化程度越高,胶结对物性的影响越大;溶蚀作用对储集层性质改善很大,产生的次生孔隙最大可达20%。溶蚀作用在宏观上受区域构造背景和生油洼陷平面位置控制,断层较发育和临近生油中心（临南洼陷）的南部斜坡带和中央隆起带溶蚀最发育;微观上受岩石的粒度、分选及杂基含量控制,粒度越粗、分选越好、杂基越少的砂岩溶蚀作用越强。     

北山矿区岩溶系统的划分及岩溶发育期的厘定

矿区内存在着中更新世岩溶与现代岩溶二个发育期。现代岩溶发育期详分为三个岩溶子系统。现代矿区溶蚀量为603m~3/a,近期地壳上升速度为0.57mm/a。      

混杂堆积石英砂表面特征研究

由于混杂堆积的搬运过程与沉积过程具有快速无分选的特点,其成因识别成为国内外学者研究的焦点。石英砂表面特征的综合研究作为沉积环境重建的方法之一,在混杂堆积亚相的区分中能起到较好的作用。概述了冰碛、滑坡/崩塌/崩滑、泥石流及溃坝堆积的石英砂表面特征的研究现状,对这4种混杂堆积类型的石英砂表面特征进行整合厘定,比较了不同类型的石英砂表面结构特征,揭示其主要机械结构和组合模式的异同,强调在混杂堆积石英砂表面特征研究中能级与粒间接触方式判断的重要性。最后,指出目前混杂堆积石英砂表面特征研究的难点,并探讨今后研究的方向和应重点解决的问题。     

REE concentrations of garnet and omphacite in eclogites from the Dabie Mountain, central China

Distributions of the rare-earth elements (REE) in omphacite and garnet and REE behaviors during metamorphic processes were discussed. The REE concentrations of garnet and omphacite in six eclogite samples from the Dabie Mountain, central China, were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The correlation of δEu ratios between garnet and omphacite indicated that chemical equilibrium of REE distribution between garnet and omphacite could be achieved during ultra-high pressure (UHP) metamorphism. Most of the partition coefficients (Kd=CiOmp/CiGrt) of light rare-earth elements (LREE) are higher than 1. However the partition coefficients of heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) are lower than 1. This indicated that the LREE inclined to occupy site M2 in omphacite, but the HREEs tended to occupy eightfold coordinated site in garnet during the eclogite formation. The REE geochemistry of the eclogites indicated that LREE could be partially lost during the prograde metamorphic process of protolith, but be introduced into the rocks during the symplectite formation. LREE are more active than HREE during the UHP metamorphism. The results are favorable to highlighting the REE behavior and evolution of UHP metamorphic rocks.     

陕西凤县石炭系牙形石组合及其时代

陕西凤县核桃坝剖面含２个牙形石组合，下组合为Ｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｔｙｐｉｃｕｓｓ－Ｓｉｐｈｏｎｏｄｅｌｌａｃｆ．ｉｓｏｓｔｉｃｈａ组合，相当ｔｙｐｉｃｕｓ带和ｉｓｏｓｔｉｃｈａ－上ｃｒｅｎｕｌａｔａ带，属杜内阶；上组合为Ｉｄｉｏｇｎａｔｈｏｄｕｓｄｅｌｉｃａｔｕｓ－Ｎｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｃｌａｒｋｉ组合，其时代为维斯发早期。本文共描述了１５个牙形石种，并讨论了Ｎ．ｃｌａｒｋｉ等３种的个体发育。     

川滇地区中小震地震动衰减特征分析

利用2007年以来川滇地区24次中小型破坏性地震(Ms4.7～6.7)的基岩场地和土层场地的强震动记录,分别统计获得了川滇地区水平向基岩场地和土层场地的地震动峰值及加速度反应谱衰减关系.通过与俞言祥等2006年基于转换方法得到的我国西部基岩地震动衰减关系的对比,验证了本文衰减关系对利用中小地震进行地震动估计的可靠性.同时,根据强震动数据随震级以及震中距的分布,分析了本文结果的适用性和可靠性.     

民乐-山丹地震的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆

利用青藏块体北缘地区2001～2003年GPS水平运动资料和1988—2003年跨断层短水准流动观测资料，借助改进的负位错模型及断层形变应变强度比一时变曲线，研究了与2003年10月25日民乐-山丹Ms6．1，Ms5．8地震孕育有关的区域构造变形背景与中短期前兆异常。分析表明，在昆仑山Ms8．1大震引起的大区域形变调整-短期松弛-开始恢复的背景下，民乐-山丹地震震源位于可能反映应变能积累加速的块体边界压性锁定段之间的剪应力强度增强段北侧；距震中最近的石灰窑口跨断层短水准流动场地在震前3个月呈现显著应变强度比异常，而震前10余天至数月内整个监测区异常个数、震前3个月相对近源区异常集中与局部增强均是对这两次地震的某种预示。     

豫西熊耳山青岗坪金矿床特征及其稳定同位素研究

青岗坪金矿为缓倾式构造蚀变岩型金矿床,具产状干缓、矿体薄、品位高、延伸长的特点。成矿物质主要来源于花山花岗岩,是燕山期花岗岩浆活动的产物,具有大中型矿床成矿条件。