库姆塔格沙漠沉积物粒度端元特征及其物源启示

关于沙漠沉积物粒度的研究已经开展得十分广泛,但是从粒度资料中提取沙漠沉积物的搬运和物源信息的工作仍较薄弱。为此,将端元模型分析技术应用到沙漠沉积物物源判断研究中,对库姆塔格沙漠的沉积物(包括沙丘和丘间地)进行粒度端元提取,并结合各端元的沉积动力特征、空间分布格局及与潜在物源的对比,对沙漠的物质来源进行了判断。结果表明:端元1(66.90~309.52 μm)为由三垄沙、雅丹和阿尔金山冲洪积物共同组成的细粒跃移质;端元2(163.48~586.00 μm)为全由三垄沙和雅丹贡献的较粗跃移质;端元3(309.52~2 711.36 μm和66.90~143.90 μm)则为被后期改造了的阿尔金山冲洪积物。通过各端元的空间分布格局和与潜在物源沉积物端元的对比,我们认为三垄沙、雅丹和阿尔金山冲洪积物均为库姆塔格沙漠沙丘和丘间地提供了物源供应,但北部的三垄沙和雅丹对沙丘贡献较多,而南部的阿尔金山冲洪积物则对丘间地贡献较多。另外,通过对端元1的分析,我们更倾向于认为在库姆塔格沙漠沉积物的部分粒级和局部地区存在丘间地为沙丘提供物源这一过程。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路的流沙灾害与治理

Reputed as a wonderful achievement of the world’s highway construction history,the Taklimakan Desert highway is nor facing serious sand drift encroachment problems due to its 447-km-long passage of sand sea consisting of crescent dunes,barchan chains,compound transverse dune ridges and complex megadunes.To solve some technical problems in the protection of the highway from sang drift encroachment,desert experts have been conducting the theoretical and applied studies on sand movement laws;causes,severities and time-space differentiation of sand drift damages;and control ways including mechanical,chemical and biological measures.In this paper the authors give an overall summry on the research contents and recent progress in the control of sand drift damages in China and hold that the theoretical researc results and practices in the prevention of sand drift encroachment on the cross-desert highway represnt a breakthrough and has an cpoch-making significance.Since the construction of protective forest along the cross-desert highway requires large amount of ground water,what will be its environmental consequence and whether it can effectively halt sand drift encroachment on the highway forever are the questions to be studied urgently.     

风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其机理

对风沙危害防治的主要工程措施及其物理机理进行了深入研究,从理论上得出格状沙障内最大风蚀深度与方格边长之间的解析关系,利用流体力学理论计算了不同草头高度h₀所对应的最大间距L_max,得出格状沙障中心沙粒的起动风速随沙障规格和深宽比h/L的增加而减小,建立了栅栏下风侧风速为来流风速的百分率与栅栏下风向距离的关系,并对不同孔隙度尼纶网栅栏的风沙阻导效应、直立植物及戈壁砾石覆盖防沙措施的粗糙特征、化学工程固沙措施等进行了广泛研究。通过对已有研究成果的综合评述,剖析了风沙工程学面临的主要问题与任务,指出与生态环境治理、资源开发及可持续发展问题紧密结合,是风沙危害防治研究发展的方向,并亟待加强与生态环境恢复-资源高效开发一体化的风沙危害防治措施的理论研究与技术示范。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路风沙危害与防治

塔克拉玛干沙漠公路447 km路段穿越新月形沙丘与沙丘链、复合横向沙垄以及高大复合纵向沙垄区,风沙危害极为严重,被誉为“世界公路建筑的奇迹”。为解决沙漠公路风沙防护体系构建的一系列科学与技术问题,沙漠学界随之开展了风沙运动规律,风沙危害的成因、强度、时空分异及其机械、化学、生物防治的理论与应用研究。本文对风沙危害及其防治研究的主要内容及研究进展进行了全面总结,认为塔克拉玛干沙漠公路风沙危害与防治的理论研究成果与实践应用水平取得突破性进展。     

Unique Aeolian Bedforms of Mars: Transverse Aeolian Ridges

Transverse Aeolian Ridges (TARs) are among the unique aeolian bedforms of Mars, which witnessed a series of investigation for the last two decades thanks to the high-resolution remote sensing data. This paper summarized the understanding with respect to distribution, morphology, sedimentology, formation hypotheses and formation time of TARs. It is suggested that TARs are a kind of aeolian bedforms with meter-scale height and decameter-scale wavelength. TARs are primarily distributed in the equator and low-latitude regions, being rare in high and mid-latitude regions, and more popular in the south hemisphere than in the north hemisphere. Higher albedo and symmetric cross-sections are the most outstanding features of TARs, being analogous to the megaripples and reversing dunes on the Earth. The grain-size distribution of TARs’ sediments is generally bimodal, with granule cover and low thermal inertia. Three formation hypotheses were proposed for TARs: Megaripple hypothesis, reversing dune hypothesis and dust induration hypothesis, with more evidences supporting the megaripple hypothesis. Similar to dunes, TARs are geologically recent morphology on Mars, but generally predate dunes, formed in the last few million years so that most TARs are indurated or lithified and are immobile. However, contemporary mobileTARs are also developed in some regions. The unique features of TARs make them the mostenigmatic aeolian bedforms of Mars. It is proposed that high-resolution information on TARs sedimentology and integrated regional surveying should be listed in the priorities of future Mars exploration with respect to TARs study.     

Research Methodology of Martian Aeolian Geomorphology

Martian exploration is the focus and hot topic of deep space exploration, and China implemented the first Martian exploration Program in 2020. Aeolian process is the most extensive and active landform process on the surface of Mars, and has been an important part of Martian research. Sustainable development of Martian aeolian geomorphology research requires the support of theoretical system and research methodology, and research methodology is a key issue when field observations are impossible. We analyzed the research methods of Martian aeolian geomorphology from three aspects: methodology, approach, and application of modern technology. Methodology must focus on the dialectical unity of induction and deduction, reductionism and holism. Research approach includes exploration and numerical simulation, and Mars-like aeolian geomorphology study on Earth is also a common approach. Taking full advantage of remote sensing observations and detection technologies is an important basis for the development of Martian aeolian research. Simulation experiments have been an important part of aeolian geomorphology research. Since the 1980s, the United States, Europe, and Japan have successively built Martian wind tunnels to study various aircrafts in Martian atmosphere. In the absence of field observation, wind tunnel experiment and numerical simulation play an important role in studying the evolution and formation process of aeolian landform and the Martian environment.     

Preliminary results of usingCs to study wind erosion in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The world fallout of caesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) associated with nuclear weapons testing during the 1950s and 1960s has provided a valuable man-made tracer for studies of soil erosion and sediment delivery. But relatively few researchers have used it to estimate wind erosion. In this paper, the¹³⁷Cs technique is introduced into the study of wind erosion and its modern processes in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Two¹³⁷Cs reference inventories of 982·11 and 2376·04 Bq m⁻²was established preliminarily, which distribute in the south and mid-north parts of the study area respectively. By analysing the patterns of¹³⁷Cs depth profiles from sampling sites, the aeolian processes of erosion and deposition along nearly 40 years has been revealed, i.e. the shrub coppice dunes(S1) and semi-fixed dunefields (S3) had experienced the alternation of erosion and deposition, while the grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) and dry farmlands (S5) suffered erosion only. By using the¹³⁷Cs model, the average wind erosion rates for shrub coppice dune (S1), semi-fixed dunefields (S3), dry farmlands (S5) and grasslands (S4, S6 and S7) were estimated to be 84·14, 69·43, 30·68 and 21·84 tha⁻¹a⁻¹respectively, and for the whole Plateau, averaging 47·59 ha⁻¹a⁻¹which can be regarded as the medium erosion standard. These results derived from¹³⁷Cs for the first time have significant implications for the further research of wind erosion and desertification control in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

Modern dust storms in China: an overview

This paper discusses the sources, spatial distribution, frequency and trend of dust storms in China. Most dust storms in China originate from one of three geographic areas: the Hexi (River West) Corridor and western Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Taklimakan Desert, and the central Inner Mongolia Plateau. Dust is most likely from deteriorated grasslands, Gobi, alluvial, lacustrine sediments and wadis at the outer edge of deserts. But deserts themselves contribute only slightly to the dust storm directly. Two geographic areas frequently have dust storms: one is in the western Tarim Basin, a ground surface of deteriorated land and wadi, but it only affects its neighboring areas, and the other one is in the western Inner Mongolia Plateau, a ground surface of Gobi, alluvial and lacustrine sediments, but it causes most of the dust storms in north China. Generally speaking, dust storms have reduced in most regions of China from the 1950 to 2000. Dust storms are highly correlated with human activities and climate changes.     

汾渭平原典型城乡PM2.5中多环芳烃特征与健康风险

为查明汾渭平原典型城乡地区重度污染天气PM_2.5中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染特征及其人群健康效应,本文于2018—2019年冬季分别选取西安和陇县作为城乡对比参照点,采集了重度污染天气PM_2.5颗粒态气溶胶样品。利用气相色谱—质谱联用仪（GC-MS）检测样品中具有“三致效应”的15种PAHs含量及组分特征,使用特征比值法及主成分法进行PAHs源解析,并分析了气象因素对PAHs质量浓度的可能影响,通过对苯并芘（BaP）等效毒性浓度和终生超额致癌风险度（ILCR）的计算,对人群健康风险进行评估。结果表明：西安与陇县在重度污染天气条件下PM_2.5中15种PAHs总平均质量浓度分别为243.78 ng/m³、609.39 ng/m³,其中4~6环PAHs占比最高;且PAHs浓度与气温、气压及风速呈显著负相关,与相对湿度则无明显相关性。西安PAHs污染主要来自燃烧源与交通排放源,而煤炭及生物质燃烧是造成陇县PAHs质量浓度偏高的主要原因。健康风险评估结果显示,重污染天气下陇县人群通过呼吸引发的致癌风险要高于西安,女性致癌风险高于男性,成人致癌风险高于儿童,且两地区成人ILCR值均超过风险阈值,存在潜在致癌风险,儿童则无明显致癌风险。     

黄河流域沙漠化空间格局与成因

黄河流域地势西高东低,自西向东有青藏高原、内蒙古高原、黄土高原和黄淮海平原4个地貌单元,总面积为79.6万km²。黄河流域是中国重要的生态屏障和重要经济带,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展已上升为国家战略。沙漠化是中国北方干旱、半干旱以及部分半湿润地区主要的土地退化形式,沙漠化对黄河流域,尤其是流域中、上游地区的影响较大。为了全面掌握黄河流域的沙漠化土地空间分布特征,本研究以Landsat遥感影像为数据源,通过地理信息系统（GIS）技术,获得了黄河流域2010年的沙漠化土地分布数据。结果表明：黄河流域内沙漠化土地面积为128 667 km²,占流域总面积的16.2%;黄河上游的沙漠化土地面积最大,然后依次是黄河中游、黄河源区、黄河下游,沙漠化土地面积分别为89 341、21 426、17 894、7 km²,分别占全流域沙漠化土地总面积的69.4%、16.7%、13.9%、0.01%。黄河流域的沙漠化土地绝大部分分布于内蒙古,其沙漠化土地面积为91 398 km²,占全流域沙漠化土地面积的71.0%;其次是青海,沙漠化土地面积为17 432 km²,占全流域沙漠化土地面积的13.5%;陕西和宁夏的沙漠化土地面积分别占全流域沙漠化土地面积的8.3%和6.5%。黄河流域的沙漠化空间格局主要是降水量与沙源空间耦合的结果,流域92.6%（119 114 km²）的沙漠化土地分布于干旱、半干旱地区。从20世纪70年代以来,黄河流域的沙漠化总体上经历了快速发展—发展放缓—明显逆转的过程,沙漠化大幅度的变化主要受人类活动影响所致,在过去几十年间风速持续减小对沙漠化逆转的积极作用也应引起重视。