转塔式锚泊系统初步设计图谱

本文提供了一套设计图谱，用于转塔式锚泊系统的初步设计。图谱包含的水深范围为１００～６００ｍ。锚泊线的布置形式分别为４根、６根、８根和１０根均匀分布。锚泊线的构成有全链和索链组合二种方式。每种构成方式又对应着二种规格的索或链。从图谱中，设计者可以根据水深和定位浮体的运动及受力情况，方便地选择锚泊线的构成、尺寸及系统的布置状况，或对已选定的与图谱中参数相近的系统估算回复力。     

西沙群岛稀孔放射虫的初步报告

稀孔放射虫遍布于世界各大洋和各个深度的水层。在热带大洋环流和热带海域中，种类和数量都很丰富,但一般较浅的水域较少。西沙群岛位处热带,岛屿附近即为相当深(1000-2000米)的海域,稀孔虫的种类和数量都应较多,但本文所依据的资料仅采自群岛近岸水域,大部分采集点深度不超过1000米:故种类不多,数量也少。在分类研究上仅作到种的鉴定,生态学方面也只作了些初步探讨。 调查范围是15°30′-17°29′N,110°54′-114°0''E。     

南海等辐骨虫孢囊的研究

原生动物肉足虫纲的很多种类在生活中都形成孢囊，这是很普遍的现象。如变形虫目的二期纳旧虫 Naegleria bistadilis (Puschkarew)的孢囊可在废水池中找到(《废水生物处理微型动物图志》，1976)；又如与等辐骨虫亲缘关系很近的太阳虫类中的光球虫 Actinosphaerium sp.，可以看到它的孢囊及其自配现象(Hollande, A. et M. Enjumet,1957)。等辐骨虫的孢囊发现较晚， 1907年才由Mielck在德国北部俾斯麦群岛采到；他还观察到当等辐骨虫演发成孢子时，中央囊膜会变成一个凝固的壳。这类壳富有弹性，但硬压易破；壳外的骨针折断，壳内充满孢子，然仍有尚可辨认的残留骨针；壳大多呈椭圆形或棍棒形，并具较大的开孔。其中在一种壳，Mielck 认为是属于十字交叉棘虫 Acanthochiasma decacanthum Popofsky 的生殖期，并对它作了详细的描述，但当时并未给予“孢囊”这个确切的名称。Schewiakoff (1926)曾对等辐骨虫孢囊的形成过程提出一些设想。后来，Hollande et Enjumet (1957)看到等辐骨虫的粘合棘虫类(Symphyacanthes)、节棘虫类(Arthracanthes)和松棘虫类(Chaunacanthes)等不同类群存在着相同的孢囊形成和繁殖过程：在孢囊形成时，等辐骨虫形态有所变化，身体排出其虫黄藻，去掉所有残存的消化物，收缩周围的外原生质和轴足，并形成一囊壳，壳外骨针溶解，壳内骨针亦逐渐由外围向中心溶解，壳的一极形成一个较大的开口等等。他们的观察证实了Schewiakoff的设想。他们所获标本的形态与后人采到的基本相同。虽然Hollande 和Enjumet的阐述着重于细胞学方面，对所获孢囊(为数甚少)井未做分类学的研究，但认为对孢囊形态的研究必将导致等辐骨虫分类系统的修改。Bottazzi于1966年在大西洋、印度洋和地中海采到较多的这类标本，他推想它们是等辐骨虫孢囊产生同形孢子生殖期的个体。1973年，他又在上述各海洋中找到许多形状不同的孢囊，并按字母顺序由A-I, L-R 将其分为16个型(forma)，对各型的细胞柔软部分的结构(如细胞核及其它颗粒等)作了比较详细的描述。我们于1958年和1960年在海南岛东面和南面外海采到了许多不同形态的孢囊标本，不少标本还保留着骨针中心结构，另一些标本，骨针中心结构虽已离解，但骨针的某些特征尚残存。这些标本的发现，将增加人们对等辐骨虫孢囊的了解。 综合前人的工作，并根据我们对所采到的不同时期孢囊标本的观察，从形态来看，孢囊的演发过程似乎可分为前、中、后三个时期。前期正如Mielck以及Hollande和Enjumet所述，身体开始变成一个有口的硬壳，骨针开始掉落，这情形在我们采到的部分标本中显示得非常清楚(图版I: 7a, b；图版II: 1-5；圈版III: 3-4 ；图版V: 8一9)。这时期的骨针中心结构尚未离解，据其特征可认出系某属的孢囊，但无法鉴定到种。中期，囊中骨针结构己离解，按离解的程度可分为两类，一类是骨针离解不久，离散的骨针尚残存着一定的构造特征(图版I: 1-6 )，根据这些特征又可进行分类；另一类是骨针离解时间较久，骨针特征模糊(图版IV: 6-7)，已无法从中找出分类依据。后期孢囊特点是囊内骨针全然消失，孢子逸出，孢囊成为空壳而逐渐消萎，这类孢囊(图版IV: 1-5 ，图版V: 2-7)因无骨针特征可寻，若不能追溯与之相连的前、中期孢囊标本，分类是十分困难的。 关于孢囊的详细情况，目前尚不可能通过实验室方法(例如培养)获悉，只能通过采集的方法从自然界里获取其生殖周期中各个不同时期的标本来探索，以证明它们的种、属归属问题。而目前所采到的孢囊标本，虽然从形态的多样性来看比Bottazzi的标本丰富，而且某些标本在分类上可进一步鉴定到属，但所获标本数量仍少，分类受到局限。要全面了解某一个种的孢囊，必须获得该种孢囊的全时期(前、中、后三个时期)标本，并能从中看到它们之间的演发过程及其联系方有可能；如果标本数量过少，即便是特征较明显的前期标本，将其归隶某种仍有困难，所以本文对孢囊的分类也仅是初步研究。 等辐骨虫孢囊的分类范畴，按照第15届国际动物学大会通过的动物命名法规的原则，它属于亚种以下的级别。对这个类群，因目前尚未找到其确切的分类归属，所以我们暂用分类学中的中化名词——型(Forma)来安置；型的名称则用实名称呼，这样可以通过实名反映出孢囊的实体形象，并便于记忆和在分类上做进一步研究。     

网箱养殖大黄鱼体重与体长、体长与咽喉径之间的关系

通过对大黄鱼体重、体长、咽喉径的准确测量，并将测量的原始数据经计算机统计回归分析.结果表明，大黄鱼体重与体长之间存在着幂函数关系；同时，当大黄鱼体重在5～100g范围内时，体长与咽喉径之间存在着线性函数关系.     

关于三孔根网虫确系放射虫的新证据

1940年Frenguelli报导了南美洲第三纪硅质鞭毛虫类化石的一新种,命名为三孔根网虫Rhizoplecta trithyris。 1953年Deflandre在Grassé主编的动物学专著中讨论到化石放射虫的罩笼虫目(Nassellaria)时提到了它,并且附有原作者绘的图;又在附注中指出Prenguelli所建立的Rhizoplecta属分类地位尚有问题,它好象是由三轴骨针演化而来的,可能属于放射虫的网形虫科(Plectoidae)。由于原始描述根据的材料是化石,故只能看到一部分残存的骨骼,而全部相胞体的柔软部分不可能保存下来,故难以详细了解它的结构,但从Frenguelli的图上仍然可以很清楚地知道它的底面一边的详细构造,诚如Deflandre所讲：骨针很显然是三轴的。 我们自1958年以来,在我国东海采到一种标本,数量相当多,而且可以看到各个发育时期,经仔细观察研究之后,了解到它底部骨骼的结构与Frenguelli的Rhizoplecta trithyris化石图形十分相似(图5),我们认为系同一个种,并进而肯定了Deflandre的意见是正确的,即证明了Rhizoplecta trithyris并非鞭毛虫而确系放射虫,根据骨骼的形态和中央囊的存在,有力地证明它是第三纪以来尚未灭绝的种类,其分类地位系属于网形虫科(Plectoidae)。     

EFFECT OF CIRCULATION LOW LATITUDES ON THE WEATHER OF MIDDLE LATITUDES——THE IDEA OF MID-RANGE AND SHORT-RANGE FORECASTS OF RAINSTORMS

There is a close relation between the circulations of the low latitudes over the ocean as well as their. variations and precipitation in China.Rainstorms and droughts which often cause disasters are two extreme cases of precipitation. Therefore it is practically and theoretically significant to forecast both of them. A series of analyses on the predominant rainstorms processes in mid-summer in North China were made from 1975 to 1977[1,2],and the method was used.As a consequence, a preliminary conclusion has been reached.     

ERTK: extra-wide-lane RTK of triple-frequency GNSS signals

Triple-frequency signals have thus far been available for all satellites of BeiDou and Galileo systems and for some GPS satellites. The main benefit of triple-frequency signals is their formation of extra-wide-lane (EWL) combinations whose ambiguities can be instantaneously fixed for several 10–100 km baselines. Yet, this benefit has not been fully exploited and only used as a constraint for narrow-lane (NL) ambiguity resolution (AR) in most previous studies. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the real-time kinematic (RTK) capabilities of EWL observations, also referred to as EWL RTK (ERTK). We begin by mathematically expressing the ease of EWL AR and the difficulty of NL AR, respectively, using a numerical demonstration. We then present the mathematical models for ERTK including the ionosphere-ignored, ionosphere-float and ionosphere-smoothed types. The experiments are conducted using a four-station network of real triple-frequency BeiDou data with baseline lengths from 33 to 75 km. The results show that the ionosphere-ignored ERTK achieves real-time solutions with a horizontal accuracy of about 10 cm. Although the ionosphere-float ERTK solutions are very noisy, they can be quickly improved at the centimetre level by further applying the ionosphere-smoothed model. Note that such accurate results are very promising and already satisfy many applications without complicated NL AR. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study to make full use of EWL observations of triple-frequency signals on RTK.     

Developing soil indices based on brightness,darkness, and greenness to improve land surface mapping accuracy

Soil, as one of the three basic biophysical components, has been understudied using remote sensing techniques compared to vegetation and impervious surface areas (ISA). This study characterized land surfaces based on the brightness–darkness–greenness model. These three dimensions, brightness, darkness, and greenness, were represented by the first Tasseled Cap Transformation (TC1), Normalize Difference Snow Index (NDSI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), respectively. The Ratio Index for Bright Soil (RIBS) was developed based on TC1 and NDSI, and the Product Index for Dark Soil (PIDS) was established by TC1 and NDVI. Their applications to the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager images and 500 m 8-day composite Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) in China revealed the efficiency. The two soil indices proficiently highlighted soil covers with consistently the smallest values, due to larger TC1 and smaller NDSI values in bright soil, and smaller NDVI and TC1 values in dark soil. The RIBS is capable of distinguishing bright soil from ISA without masking vegetation and water body. The spectral separability bright soil and ISA were perfect, with a Jeffries–Matusita distance of 1.916. And the PIDS was the only soil index that could discriminate dark soil from other land covers including ISA. The soil areas in China were classified using a simple threshold method based on MODIS images. An overall accuracy of 94.00% was obtained, with the kappa index of 0.8789. This study provided valuable insights into developing indices for characterizing land surfaces from different perspectives.     

Rendering 2D Lines on 3D Terrain Model with Optimization in Visual Quality and Running Performance

With the gradual shift from 2D maps to a 3D virtual environment, various visual artifacts were generated by overlaying 2D map symbols on 3D terrain models. This work proposes a novel screen‐based method for rendering 2D vector lines with the accuracy of more than one pixel on the screen in real time. First, screen pixels are inversely projected onto a 3D terrain surface, and then onto the 2D vector plane. Next, these pixels are classified into three categories in terms of their intersection situation with the 2D lines. After that, a multiple sampling process is applied to the pixels that intersect with the 2D lines in order to eliminate visual artifacts, such as intermittence and aliasing (in pixel scale). Finally, a suitable point‐in‐polygon judgment is implemented to color each sample point quickly. The algorithm is realized in a heterogeneously parallel model so that the performance is improved and becomes acceptable.     

建筑物上侧击雷电的三维数值模拟

基于三维近地面闪电先导发展随机模式,通过改变先导初始电位和建筑物几何特性,分析各种情况下的侧击雷电发生概率,探讨侧击雷电产生原因及影响因素。结果发现:建筑物尖端电场畸变值是影响侧击雷电产生的重要参量,当下行先导靠近建筑物且传播位置低于建筑物的高度时,建筑侧面电场畸变值达到触发阈值,侧击雷电易产生;下行先导的初始电位以及建筑物几何特性（高度和宽度）是影响侧击雷电发生概率的重要因素,当下行先导初始电位在-9~-3 MV范围内,侧击雷电发生概率呈先增加后降低的趋势,当初始电位为-4.5 MV时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物高度在50~150 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随着高度增加呈先增加后减少的趋势;当建筑物高度为100 m时,侧击雷电发生概率达到峰值;当建筑物宽度在30~70 m范围内,侧击雷电发生概率随建筑物宽度呈递减趋势;当建筑物宽度为30 m时,侧击雷电的发生概率达到峰值。