Understanding the dynamical-microphysical-electrical processes associated with severe thunderstorms over the Beijing metropolitan region

The Dynamical-microphysical-electrical Processes in Severe Thunderstorms and Lightning Hazards(STORM973)project conducted coordinated comprehensive field observations of thunderstorms in the Beijing metropolitan region(BMR)during the warm season from 2014 to 2018.The aim of the project was to understand how dynamical,microphysical and electrical processes interact in severe thunderstorms in the BMR,and how to assimilate lightning data in numerical weather prediction models to improve severe thunderstorm forecasts.The platforms used in the field campaign included the Beijing Lightning Network(BLNET,consisting of 16 stations),2 X-band dual linear polarimetric Doppler radars,and 4 laser raindrop spectrometers.The collaboration also made use of the China Meteorological Administration’s mesoscale meteorological observation network in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Although diverse thunderstorm types were documented,it was found that squall lines and multicell storms were the two major categories of severe thunderstorms with frequent lightning activity and extreme rainfall or unexpected local short-duration heavy rainfall resulting in inundations in the central urban area,influenced by the terrain and environmental conditions.The flash density maximums were found in eastern Changping District,central and eastern Shunyi District,and the central urban area of Beijing,suggesting that the urban heat island effect has a crucial role in the intensification of thunderstorms over Beijing.In addition,the flash rate associated with super thunderstorms can reach hundreds of flashes per minute in the central city regions.The super(5%of the total),strong(35%),and weak(60%)thunderstorms contributed about 37%,56%,and 7%to the total flashes in the BMR,respectively.Owing to the close connection between lightning activity and the thermodynamic and microphysical characteristics of the thunderstorms,the lightning flash rate can be used as an indicator of severe weather events,such as hail and short-duration heavy rainfall.Lightning data can also be assimilated into numerical weather prediction models to help improve the forecasting of severe convection and precipitation at the cloud-resolved scale,through adjusting or correcting the thermodynamic and microphysical parameters of the model.     

Fitting of magnetic measurements of Swarm satellites based on 3D surface spline model

This study utilizes the 62208000 Swarm satellite data to establish a high-precision main magnetic field at the height of the satellites in China and its adjacen...     

Improving performances of ITO/GaP contact on AlGaInP light-emitting diodes

In this paper AlGaInP light emitting diodes with different types of electrodes: Au/Zn/Au-ITO Au/Ti-ITO Au/Ge/Ni-ITO and Au-ITO are fabricated. The photoelectricity properties of those LEDs are studied. The results show that the Au/Zn/Au electrode greatly improves the performance of LEDs compared with the other electrodes. Because the Au/Zn/Au electrode not only forms a good Ohmic contact with indium tin oxide (ITO), but also reduces the specific contact resistances between ITO and GaP, which are 1.273×10^-6 Ω · cm² and 1.743×10^-3 Ω ·cm² between Au/Zn/Au-ITO and ITO-GaP respectively. Furthermore, the textured Zn/Au-ITO/Zn electrode is designed to improve the performances of LEDs, reduce the forward-voltage of the LED from 1.93 to 1.88 V, and increase the luminous intensity of the LEDs from 126 to 134 mcd when driven at 20 mA.     

台湾海峡西侧水动力环境的季节变化特征

本文利用2006 ～ 2007年“中国近海海洋综合调查与评价”项目在台湾海峡西侧获取的大面水温、盐度走航资料,结合座底式海床基系统获取的海流剖面以及近海底水温观测结果,系统地阐述了台湾海峡西侧水动力环境在春、夏和晚秋初冬3个季节的变化特征.研究结果表明:春季台湾海峡西侧海水垂向混合比较均一,等温线和等盐线分布大致与岸线平行,盐度和水温呈现从北往南逐渐升高、自近岸向远岸递增的特点.福建沿岸海流具有明显的正压海流特征,且为逆风的东北向海流,其最大流速(约0.25 m/s)出现在泉州外海;与此相对应,浙闽沿岸水仅局限于泉州以北近岸海域的中上水层,其盐度小于32.4.夏季台湾海峡西侧局部海域呈现典型的上升流特征,汕头、东山和南日岛外海近海底存在着明显的低温(＜25℃)高盐水(＞33.8)涌升中心.福建沿岸海流流向与盛行的西南季风一致,除汕头外海10 m层流速(0.19 m/s)比25 m层流速(约0.15 m/s)略大,其他海域仍具有正压流特点,最大流速(约0.40 m/s)出现在平潭外海附近.晚秋初冬台湾海峡西侧海域盐度和水温的空间分布比较接近,整体呈近岸低外海高,并随纬度降低而增加.调查期间浙闽沿岸水在2007年12月26日左右开始出现在平潭岛外海附近,随后从2008年1月15日左右整个台湾海峡西侧被南下的浙闽沿岸冷水(＜17℃)控制;厦门以南近海余流流速明显小于厦门以北海域,并存在着显著的垂向流剪切.     

渤海浮游病毒的时空分布

利用流式细胞仪对渤海浮游病毒的丰度分布进行了研究。结果表明, 浮游病毒丰度在6.40 ×105—3.59 × 107个/mL之间。辽东湾断面, 浮游病毒丰度春季在西部海域较高, 夏季在中部海域较高, 秋、冬季在东、西部海域均较高; 渤海湾断面, 4 季丰度均在中部海域出现高值区; 莱州湾断面, 夏、秋、冬季均在东部海域出现丰度高值区; 渤海海峡断面, 春、秋、冬季于海峡中部海域丰度较高。垂直分布上, 表层和底层水体浮游病毒丰度在夏季差异性显著, 在其它季节无显著差异。夏季浮游病 毒丰度显著高于其它季节。夏季, 连续站浮游病毒丰度昼夜波动幅度较大, 冬季较平缓。相关性分析表明, 浮游病毒丰度在春、夏、秋季均与温度显著正相关; 夏季与异养细菌丰度、微微型真核浮游植物丰度显著正相关; 秋季与微微型浮游植物丰度显著正相关; 冬季仅与异养细菌丰度显著正相关。     

有限元法在万宁小海水力学环境数值模拟中的应用

采用Galerkin加权余量法建立二维有限元环境水力学模型,采用不同类型等参数单元拟合不规则边界,采用Newton_ Raphson 法与Gauss型Front法求解方程组,采用时间方向半隐格式增强稳定性.选取海南省万宁小海作为应用区域,对照水文水质实际测验资料,在水动力、盐度和水质(可降解物质)方面展开模拟计算,模拟计算结果与实测值符合较好.     

洪泽湖风生流数值模拟

湖流是湖泊中污染物质扩散，悬浮物沉降及输移等的主要水动力学要素，造成湖水运动的成因机制很复杂，其中风生流是重要形式，本文通过构造一个二维闭边界数值模拟，对不同风情下的洪泽湖湖流流态进行模拟研究，探讨其入流较小，沿岩各闸关闭的枯季情况下的风生流特征。     

贡湖水质富营养化综合评价及初步预测

对１９９６年７月贡湖三次调查资料进行的水质和富营养化现状综合评价显示：贡湖水质以Ⅲ－Ⅳ类为主，局部已出发Ｖ类，凯氏氮，非离子氨和总磷为主要污染物；营养型以中营养和中富营养类型分布面积较广。     

渤海湾环流的一次观测和分析

为了对渤海湾的环流形态有一个准确的认识，对渤海湾进行了一次较为全面的海流调查。这次调查以Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ观点为指导，采用３种方法：海流计在固定站位连续测流；漂流板轨迹观测和“人工水母”测底层流。本文分别介绍这三种方法及观测过程，并分析得出了渤海湾Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ余环流型大致是顺时针的结论     

蛋白核小球藻在废水污泥中培养的研究

啤酒厂废水污泥中含有一定的营养元素和活性物质。本研究利用废水污泥培养蛋白核小球藻（Chlorellapyrenoidosa）取得了初步结果。将一定比例的活性污泥掺入普通培养液形成混合培养基,其中80：20试验组无论从蛋白核小球藻的生物量还是粗蛋白的含量均与普通培养基的培养产物近似,具有实践意义。结果表明,混合培养基培养某些藻类,不仅降低了养殖成本,还可净化环境,为废水污泥用于藻类养殖开辟了一条新途径。