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141.
David G. Barber Matthew G. Asplin Tim N. Papakyriakou Lisa Miller Brent G. T. Else John Iacozza C. J. Mundy M. Gosslin Natalie C. Asselin Steve Ferguson Jennifer V. Lukovich Gary A. Stern Ashley Gaden Monika Pu?ko N.-X. Geilfus Fei Wang 《Climatic change》2012,115(1):135-159
Change and variability in the timing and magnitude of sea ice geophysical and thermodynamic state have consequences on many aspects of the arctic marine system. The changes in both the geophysical and thermodynamic state, and in particular the timing of the development of these states, have consequences throughout the marine system. In this paper we review the ??consequences?? of change in sea ice state on primary productivity, marine mammal habitats, and sea ice as a medium for storage and transport of contaminants and carbon exchange across the ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interface based upon results from the International Polar Year. Pertinent results include: 1) conditions along ice edges can bring deep nutrient-rich ??pacific?? waters into nutrient-poor surface waters along the arctic coast, affecting local food webs; 2) both sea ice thermodynamic and dynamic processes ultimately affect ringed seal/polar bear habitats by controlling the timing, location and amount of surface deformation required for ringed seal and polar bear preferred habitat 3) the ice edges bordering open waters of flaw leads are areas of high biological production and are observed to be important beluga habitat. 4) exchange of climate-active gases, including CO2, is extremely active in sea ice environments, and the overall question of whether the Arctic Ocean is (or will be) a source or sink for CO2 will be dependent on the balance of competing climate-change feedbacks. 相似文献
142.
Characterisation of Soot Emitted by Domestic Heating,Aircraft and Cars Using Diesel or Biodiesel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Anne?Smekens Ricardo?Henrique?Moreton?Godoi Patrick?Berghmans René?Van?GriekenEmail author 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2005,52(1):45-62
The characterisation of aggregates, like soot, firstly requires the determination of the size distribution of the primary
particles. The primary particle size of combustion generated aggregates depends upon the combustion environment and the formation
conditions, such as temperature, pressure and fuel-to-air ratio, among others. Since the combustion characteristics are different
in the different types of burners, the characterisation of primary particles may offer the possibility to distinguish soot
from different sources. In this paper, we present the signature of the primary particles and the aggregates of soot emitted
by cars using diesel or biodiesel, by domestic heating, and by aircraft exhausts, which can be considered as the major sources
as derived from measurements on transmission electron micrographs. The size distributions of all aggregates types with different
aerodynamic diameter were log-normal and quasi-monodisperse. The size distribution of the primary particles for soot emitted
by different sources showed minor differences. However, a comparison between the diameter of the primary particles and those
obtained using a standard method for carbon black revealed discrepancies. The median diameter of the primary particles was
combined with the median number of primary particles in an aggregate to calculate the relative particle surface area available
for adsorption. In a similar way, the relative specific surface area was determined. The surface area was measured using the
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (B.E.T.) nitrogen adsorption method and the relative surface area available for adsorption was calculated. 相似文献
143.
Juan Huang Yanli Feng Jian Li Bin Xiong Jialiang Feng Sheng Wen Guoying Sheng Jiamo Fu Minghong Wu 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):1-20
The levels of carbonyl compounds in Shanghai ambient air were measured in five periods from January 2007 to October 2007 (covering
winter, high-air-pollution days, spring, summer and autumn). A total of 114 samples were collected and eighteen carbonyls
were identified. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were the most abundant carbonyls and their mean concentrations of
19.40 ± 12.00, 15.92 ± 12.07 and 11.86 ± 7.04 μg m−3 respectively, in the daytime for five sampling periods. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde showed similar diurnal profiles with
peak mixing ratios in the morning and early afternoon during the daytime. Their mean concentrations were highest in summer
and lowest in winter. Acetone showed reversed seasonal variation. The high molecular weight (HMW, ≥C5) carbonyls also showed
obvious diurnal variations with higher concentrations in the daytime in summer and autumn, while they were all not detected
in winter. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde played an important role in removing OH radicals in the atmosphere, but the contribution
of acetone was below 1%. The carbonyls levels in high-air-pollution days were reported. More carbonyl species with higher
concentrations were found in high-air-pollution days than in spring. These carbonyls were transported with other pollutants
from north and northwest in March 27 to April 2, 2007 and then mixed with local sources. Comparing with Beijing and Guangzhou,
the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in Shanghai were the highest, which indicated that the air pollution in
Shanghai was even worse than expected. 相似文献
144.
提出和介绍了利用GMS-4红外云图资料定量测量淮河流域汛期降水的CT-TRC(cloudtoptemperaturerainfullcurve,云顶温度-降水量曲线)方法及实现步骤,并结合个例进行了分析。 相似文献
145.
The Summer Surface Energy Balance of the High Antarctic Plateau 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dirk?van?AsEmail author Michiel?van?den?Broeke Carleen?Reijmer Roderik?van?de?Wal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(2):289-317
The summertime surface energy balance (SEB) at Kohnen station, situated on the high Antarctic plateau (75°00′ S, 0°04′ E,
2892m above sea level) is presented for the period of 8 January to 9 February 2002. Shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes
were measured directly; the former was corrected for problems associated with the cosine response of the instrument. Sensible
and latent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk method, and eddy-correlation measurements and the modified Bowen ratio
method were used to verify these calculated fluxes. The calculated sub-surface heat flux was checked by comparing calculated
to measured snow temperatures. Uncertainties in the measurements and energy-balance calculations are discussed.
The general meteorological conditions were not extraordinary during the period of the experiment, with a mean 2-m air temperature
of −27.5°C, specific humidity of 0.52×10−3kg kg−1 and wind speed of 4.1ms−1. The experiment covered the transition period from Antarctic summer (positive net radiation) to winter (negative net radiation),
and as a result the period mean net radiation, sensible heat, latent heat and sub-surface heat fluxes were small with values
of −1.1, 0.0, −1.0 and 0.7 Wm−2, respectively. Daily mean net radiation peaked on cloudy days (16 Wm−2) and was negative on clear-sky days (minimum of −19 W m−2). Daily mean sensible heat flux ranged from −8 to +10 Wm−2, latent heat flux from −4 to 0 Wm−2 and sub-surface heat flux from −8 to +7 Wm−2. 相似文献
146.
Vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai 下载免费PDF全文
A comparative study on the vertical distributions of aerosol optical properties during haze and floating dust weather in Shanghai was conducted based on the data obtained from a micro pulse lidar.There was a distinct difference in layer thickness and extinction coefficient under the two types of weather conditions.Aerosols were concentrated below 1 km and the aerosol extinction coefficients ranged from 0.25 to 1.50km-1 on haze days.In contrast,aerosols with smaller extinction coefficients(0.20 0.35 km-1) accumulated mainly from the surface to 2 km on floating dust days.The seasonal variations of extinction and aerosol optical depth(AOD) for both haze and floating dust cases were similar greatest in winter,smaller in spring,and smallest in autumn.More than 85%of the aerosols appeared in the atmosphere below 1 km during severe haze and floating dust weather.The diurnal variation of the extinction coefficient of haze exhibited a bimodal shape with two peaks in the morning or at noon,and at nightfall,respectively.The aerosol extinction coefficient gradually increased throughout the day during floating dust weather.Case studies showed that haze aerosols were generated from the surface and then lifted up,but floating dust aerosols were transported vertically from higher altitude to the surface.The AOD during floating dust weather was higher than that during haze.The boundary layer was more stable during haze than during floating dust weather. 相似文献
147.
应用一维Morlet小波变换分析方法对新余市降水的多时间尺度进行分析,发现新余市降水除在整个时域中有明显的3—5a的周期变化外,其他尺度周期信号的强弱在时-频域中的分布具有很强的局部特征。但无论是较大时间尺度,还是较小时间尺度,新余市年降水、汛期降水均处于偏少期,且近期偏少趋势仍较明显;伏秋季降水则处于偏少末期,有向偏多转化的趋势。 相似文献
148.
Climatic regime shift and decadal anomalous events in China 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Climatic time series from historical documents and instrumental records from China showed temporal and regional patterns in
the last two to three centuries, including two multidecadal oscillations at quasi-20-year and quasi-70-year timescales revealed
by signal analysis from wavelet transform. Climatic anomalous events on the decadal timescale were identified based on the
two oscillations when their positive (or negative) phases coincide with each other to amplify amplitude. The coldest event
occurred in the decade of 1965–1975 in eastern China, while the periods of 1920–1930, 1940–1950, and 1988–2000 appeared to
be warmer in most parts of China. For the precipitation series in northern China, the dry anomalous event was found in the
late 1920s, while the wet anomalous event occurred in the 1950s. A severe drought in 1927–1929 in northern China coincided
with the anomalous warm and dry decade, caused large-scale famine in nine provinces over northern China. Climatic anomalous
events with a warm-dry or cold-wet association in the physical climate system would potentially cause severe negative impacts
on natural ecosystem in the key vulnerable region over northern China. The spatial pattern of summer rainfall anomalies in
the eastern China monsoon region showed an opposite variations in phase between the Yellow River Valley (North China) and
the mid-low Yangtze River Valley as well as accompanied the shift of the northernmost monsoon boundary. Climatic regime shifts
for different time points in the last 200 years were identified. In North China, transitions from dry to wet periods occurred
around 1800, 1875, and 1940 while the transitions from wet to dry periods appeared around 1840, 1910, and the late 1970s.
The reversal transition in these time points can also be found in the lower Yangtze River. Climatic regime shifts in China
were linked to the interaction of mid- and low latitude atmospheric circulations (the westerly flow and the monsoon flow)
when they cross the Tibetan Plateau in East Asia. 相似文献
149.
Jinshuai?Ruan Xiaohang?WenEmail author Guangzhou?Fan Deqin?Li Wei?Hua Bingyun?Wang Yi?Zhang Mingjun?Zhang Chao?Wang Lei?Wang 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2018,134(3-4):817-828
To study the land surface and atmospheric meteorological characteristics of non-uniform underlying surfaces in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, we use a “High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC)”. The grid points of three different underlying surfaces were selected, and their meteorological elements were averaged for each type (i.e., mixed forest, grassland, and cropland). For 2009, we compared and analyzed the different components of leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature and moisture, surface albedo, precipitation, and surface energy for various underlying surfaces in Northeast China. The results indicated that the LAI of mixed forest and cropland during the summer is greater than 5 m2 m?2 and below 2.5 m2 m?2 for grassland; in the winter and spring seasons, the Green Vegetation Fraction (GVF) is below 30%. The soil temperature and moisture both vary greatly. Throughout the year, the mixed forest is dominated by latent heat evaporation; in grasslands and croplands, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux are approximately equal, and the GVF contributed more to latent heat flux than sensible heat flux in the summer. This study compares meteorological characteristics between three different underlying surfaces of the semi-arid area of Northeast China and makes up for the insufficiency of purely using observations for the study. This research is important for understanding the water-energy cycle and transport in the semi-arid area. 相似文献
150.