草地退化对植物硅分布和植硅体碳汇的影响:以北方农牧交错带草地为例

草地生态系统中,硅(Si)不仅在植物生长过程中扮演着重要的角色,而且通过形成植硅体碳(Phytolith-Occluded Carbon,简称PhytOC)的方式参与陆地生态系统碳循环。近几十年来,由于人为干扰等因素导致的草地退化引起了广泛的关注。本研究中,我们选取了我国北方农牧交错带中30个不同退化程度的样地,分析了8种常见植物(共71个样品)地上部分Si含量和分布特征,并估算了植硅体碳产生通量。结果发现,随着草地退化的加剧,糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)地上部分Si含量呈下降趋势,而羊草(Leymus chinensis)表现为先上升后下降的倒"V"型。不同退化程度样地植物地上部分Si平均含量分别为12.25±1.02 g/kg(轻度)、10.56±1.15 g/kg(中度)和8.06±0.93 g/kg(重度),而植硅体碳产生通量显著下降,分别为0.320±0.038 kg/(ha·a)、0.190±0.021 kg/(ha·a)和0.068±0.006 kg/(ha·a)(P<0.05)。研究表明,草地退化对不同种类植物的Si含量和产生通量的影响不同,这可能是由于植物的功能类型不同造成的。草地退化可以导致种群结构的变化和地上净初级生产力(ANPP)的降低,从而影响草地植物地上部分Si的分布和植硅体的固碳能力。当退化严重时,初步估算北方农牧交错带内草地植物地上部分植硅体固碳速率将下降5倍以上。     

基于短基线子集(SBAS)干涉技术的地表时序沉降估计

目前我国很多城市正在遭受地面沉降的地质灾害,长三角地区尤为严重,其持续时间长,规模大,带来的经济损失 巨大,无锡是长三角地区大规模地面沉降的典型代表城市之一。为此,本文利用 10 景 ALOS PALSAR 影像,基于短基线子 集(SBAS)干涉技术,评估了无锡市从 2007 年 1 月 12 日到 2011 年 3 月 10 日的地表时序形变。研究结果表明:惠山区沉降速率 较快;2007 年到 2009 年沉降空间格局发生了改变,2009 年到 2010 年监测结果出现异常陡降。实验证明利用短基线子集 (SBAS)干涉技术对大范围的长时间序列沉降监测可行且有效,其监测结果可以让决策者全面掌握地面沉降灾害的整体状 况,从而为地理国情监测以及防灾减灾提供重要的科学依据,同时也可以根据沉降规律追溯历史工程活动时间 。     

Estimating daily inflows of large lakes using a water‐balance‐based runoff coefficient scaling approach

Daily river inflow time series are highly valuable for water resources and water environment management of large lakes. However, the availability of continuous inflow data for large lakes is still relatively limited, especially for large lakes situated within humid plain regions with tens or even hundreds of tributaries. In this study, we choose the fifth largest freshwater Lake Chaohu in China as our study area to introduce a new approach to reconstruct historical daily inflows at ungauged subcatchments of large lakes. This approach makes use of water level, lake surface rainfall, evaporation from the lake, and catchment rainfall observations. Rainfall–runoff relationship at a reference catchment was analysed to select rainfall input and estimate run‐off coefficient firstly, and the run‐off coefficient was then transferred to ungauged subcatchments to initially estimate daily inflows. Run‐off coefficient was scaled to adjust daily inflows at ungauged subcatchments according to water balance of the lake. This approach was evaluated using sparsely measured inflows at eight subcatchments of Lake Chaohu and compared with the commonly used drainage area ratio method. Results suggest that the inflow time series reconstructed from this approach consistent well to corresponding observations, with mean R² and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.69 and 0.6, respectively. This approach outperforms drainage area ratio method in terms of mean R² and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values. Accuracy of this approach holds well when the number of water‐level station being used decreased from four to one.     

Long‐term streamflow trends in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin: detecting drivers of change

The catchments in the Loess Plateau, in China's middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin, experienced unprecedented land use changes in the last 50 years as a result of large‐scale soil conservation measure to control soil erosion. The climate of the region also exhibited some levels of change with decreased precipitation and increased temperature. This study combined the time‐trend analysis method with a sensitivity‐based approach and found that annual streamflow in the Loess Plateau decreased significantly since the 1950s and surface runoff trends appear to dominate the streamflow trends in most of the catchments. Annual baseflow exhibited mostly downward trends, but significant upward trends were also observed in 3 out of 38 gauging stations. Mean annual streamflow during 1979?2010 decreased by up to 65% across the catchments compared with the period of 1957?1978, indicating significant changes in the hydrological regime of the Loess Plateau. It is estimated that 70% of the streamflow reduction can be attributed to land use change, while the remaining 30% is associated with climate variability. Land use change because of the soil conservation measures and reduction in precipitation are the key drivers for the observed streamflow trends. These findings are consistent with results of previous studies for the region and appear to be reasonable given the accelerated level of the soil conservation measures implemented since the late 1970s. Changes in sea surface temperature in the Pacific Ocean, as indicated by variations in El Niño–Southern Oscillation and phase shifts of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, appear to have also affected the annual streamflow trends. The framework described in this study shows promising results for quantifying the effects of land use change and climate variability on mean annual streamflow of catchments within the Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地理学基本规律及其对社会发展的影响

地理学是自然科学与社会科学的汇合,是一门独立科学,有特定的功能和演变规律。地理学的基本规律包括有地域分异规律、地域综合规律和地域发展规律等。研究地理学的基本规律有助于认识许多复杂的历史事件和社会活动,对构建社会建设的总体思想和区域发展战略有重要指导意义。     

一种基于蜂群智能算法的遥感影像分类方法

结合仿生智能计算方法,提出了一种基于人工蜂群算法的智能式遥感分类方法。采用模仿蜜蜂采蜜行为的群智能优化算法,自动搜索遥感影像各波段的最优分割点,定义各波段最优分割点和地物类别节点的连线为蜂群搜索路径,构造以If-Then形式表达的遥感分类规则。该智能式遥感分类方法不需使用数学公式,能更清晰地表达地物分类中的复杂关系。将该方法应用于长江口北岸ALOS影像分类中,取得了较好的分类结果,并与See5.0决策树方法进行了对比分析。研究表明,蜂群智能遥感分类的总体精度和Kappa系数均比See5.0决策树方法更高,该智能遥感分类方法具有更好的分类效果。     

西沙群岛西科1井第四纪钙藻及其生态功能

对西沙群岛西科1井第四纪地层中的钙藻进行了初步研究, 共鉴定钙藻3科7属, 包括红藻门珊瑚藻科让氏藻属、蟹手藻属、珊瑚藻属、石枝藻属和石孔藻属, 以及绿藻门松藻科仙掌藻属和粗枝藻科伞轴藻属.通过对地层中钙藻形态功能的分析, 西科1井第四纪早期海水较深, 沉积环境为礁前相, 中期外礁坪和内礁坪交替沉积, 至晚期出现短时间的泻湖相之后沉积环境演变为礁后滩相.西科1井第四纪钙藻在造礁功能上主要体现在2个方面: (1)通过自身的钙化作用, 为生物礁的生长供应微小碳酸盐颗粒沉积物; (2)利用自身形成的节片结构和生物捆扎-粘结结构参与造礁.      

西沙群岛西科1井珊瑚组合面貌及其生态环境

西科1井0~748 m井段岩心中珊瑚化石欠丰富, 属种比较单调, 共鉴定6科16属及1个未定属.在井深216 m以上的地层中发现第四纪特有的Endopsammia(内脊沙珊瑚)和Heliopora(苍珊瑚)等, 表明含上述特征性珊瑚化石的地层应划归第四系.在216 m以下井段的岩心中Endopsammia和Heliopora已全部绝迹, 应划归比第四纪更老的地层.地层时代从老到新, 生态环境发生了明显的变化, 生物的抗风浪能力逐渐加强.中新统可能属于泻湖相, 尔后又逐渐转变为内礁坪相, 到上新统演变为内、外礁坪相相互交替, 第四系则可能属于外礁坪相.      

四川康定“11·22”地震地表破裂及房屋震害特征

2014-11-22,位于青藏高原东部的四川省康定县发生了Ms 6.3级地震,为一次左旋走滑事件,发震构造为鲜水河断裂带南东段的色拉哈断裂。对地震灾区进行的地表破裂特征调查和房屋震害调查表明:1.地震没有形成明显的地表破裂,地表破裂主要表现为张性地裂缝、喷砂冒水、小型滑坡、道路边坡失稳及滚石等;2.烈度图长轴方向与鲜水河断裂走向一致;3.房屋震害具有农牧区房屋破坏普遍,城镇房屋破坏较轻的分布特点;4.2014-11-25的Ms 5.8级强余震,加深了灾区破坏程度。     

巢湖蓝藻水华监测预警与模拟分析平台设计与实践

近20年来,巢湖蓝藻水华频繁暴发,对流域内居民生活和社会生产产生了严重影响.由于缺乏蓝藻水华全方位监测、高精度模拟和智能化分析手段,传统方法难以实现"现状掌握、异常识别、原因追溯、未来模拟"的目标,无法满足巢湖蓝藻水华科学防控与应急处置的要求,蓝藻水华引起的突发事件随时可能发生.本文针对巢湖蓝藻水华的全面监测和应急决策...