Comparison of products from ERA-40, NCEP-2, and CRU with station data for summer precipitation over China

Summer precipitation products from the 45-Year European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA-40), and NCEP-Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) Reanalysis (NCEP-2), and Climatic Research Unit (CRU) TS 2.1 dataset are compared with the corresponding observations over China in order to understand the quality and utility of the reanalysis datasets for the period 1979–2001. The results reveal that although the magnitude and location of the rainfall belts differ among the reanalysis, CRU, and station data over South and West China, the spatial distributions show good agreement over most areas of China. In comparison with the observations in most areas of China, CRU best matches the observed summer precipitation, while ERA-40 reports less precipitation and NCEP-2 reports more precipitation than the observations. With regard to the amplitude of the interannual variations, CRU is better than either of the reanalyses in representing the corresponding observations. The amplitude in NCEP-2 is stronger but that of ERA-40 is weaker than the observations in most study domains. NCEP-2 has a more obvious interannual variability than ERA-40 or CRU in most areas of East China. Through an Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the main features of the rainfall belts produced by CRU agree better with the observations than with those produced by the reanalyses in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley. In East of China, particularly in the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley, CRU can reveal the quasi-biennial oscillation of summer precipitation represented by the observations, but the signal of ERA-40 is comparatively weak and not very obvious, whereas that of NCEP-2 is also weak before 1990 but very strong after 1990. The results also suggest that the magnitude of the precipitation difference between ERA-40 and the observations is smaller than that between NCEP-2 and the observations, but the variations represented by NCEP-2 are more reasonable than those given by ERA-40 in most areas of East China to some extent.     

Soil moisture retrieval from satellite images and its application to heavy rainfall simulation in eastern China

The soil water index (SWI) from satellite remote sensing and the observational soil moisture from agricultural meteorological stations in eastern China are used to retrieve soil moisture. The analysis of correlation coefficient (CORR), root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and bias (BIAS) shows that the retrieved soil moisture is convincible and close to the observation. The method can overcome the difficulties in soil moisture observation on a large scale and the retrieved soil moisture may reflect the distribution of the real soil moisture objectively. The retrieved soil moisture is used as an initial scheme to replace initial conditions of soil moisture (NCEP) in the model MM5V3 to simulate the heavy rainfall in 1998. Three heavy rainfall processes during 13–14 June, 18–22 June, and 21–26 July 1998 in the Yangtze River valley are analyzed. The first two processes show that the intensity and location of simulated precipitation from SWI are better than those from NCEP and closer to the observed values. The simulated heavy rainfall for 21–26 July shows that the update of soil moisture initial conditions can improve the model’s performance. The relationship between soil moisture and rainfall may explain that the stronger rainfall intensity for SWI in the Yangtze River valley is the result of the greater simulated soil moisture from SWI prior to the heavy rainfall date than that from NCEP, and leads to the decline of temperature in the corresponding area in the heavy rainfall days. Detailed analysis of the heavy rainfall on 13–14 June shows that both land-atmosphere interactions and atmospheric circulation were responsible for the heavy rainfall, and it shows how the SWI simulation improves the simulation. The development of mesoscale systems plays an important role in the simulation regarding the change of initial soil moisture for SWI.     

Small target extraction based on independent component analysis for hyperspectral imagery

IntroductionFeature extraction or transformation is a key stepfor target detection in hyperspectral imagery. Thepurpose is to transform the high-dimensional imageinto low-dimensional image series so that the differ-ences between the targets and the backgr…     

Study on applying optimal path to land valuation

Introduction Thebasiclandpriceistheaveragepriceofev eryequalparceloreverylandclassspecifiedby thegovernment,accordingtodifferentuseof landsuchascommerce,industry,residence,etc.Asanimportantroleplayingintheurban landpricesystem,thebasiclandpriceinstructs a…     

Properties and stability of a meso-scale line-form disturbance

By using the 3D dynamic equations for small- and meso-scale disturbances, an investigation is performed on the heterotropic instability (including symmetric instability and traversal-type instability) of a zonal line-like disturbance moving at any angle with respect to basic flow, arriving at the following results: (1) with linear shear available, the heterotropic instability of the disturbance will occur only when flow shearing happens in the direction of the line-like disturbance movement or in the direction perpendicular to the disturbance movement, with the heterotropic instability showing the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave; (2) in the presence of second-order non-linear shear, the disturbance of the heterotropic instability includes internal inertial gravity and vortex Rossby waves. For the zonal line-form disturbance under study, the vortex Rossby wave has its source in the second-order shear of meridional basic wind speed in the flow and propagates unidirectionally with respect to the meridional basic flow. As a mesoscale heterotropic instable disturbance, the vortex Rossby wave has its origin from the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance and is independent of the condition in the direction parallel to the flow; (3) for general zonal line-like disturbances, if the second-order shear happens in the meridional wind speed, i.e., the second shear of the flow in the direction perpendicular to the line-form disturbance, then the heterotropic instability of the disturbance is likely to be the instability of a mixed Rossby–internal inertial gravity wave; (4) the symmetric instability is actually the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave. The second-order shear in the flow represents an instable factor for a symmetric-type disturbance; (5) the instability of a traversal-type disturbance is the instability of the internal inertial gravity wave when the basic flow is constant or only linearly sheared. With a second or nonlinear vertical shear of the basic flow taken into account, the instability of a traversal-type disturbance may be the instability of a mixed vortex Rossby – gravity wave.     

基于卫-卫跟踪观测技术利用能量守恒法恢复地球重力场的数值模拟研究

根据卫－卫跟踪观测技术的测量原理,基于能量守恒法建立了一种新的双星相互跟踪和三星相互跟踪的卫星观测方程. 通过数值模拟,采用预处理共轭梯度法恢复120阶地球重力场. 模拟结果表明：第一,双星相互跟踪恢复地球重力场的精度和美国喷气动力实验室公布的EIGEN GRACE02S的结果相符合;第二,三星相互跟踪恢复地球重力场的精度较双星提高约2倍.     

地震雷达

利用绿色、环保的人工震源,主动向地下发射地震波,构建地震雷达,实现大范围的地下探测,是地球科学的一个前沿课题.最早,探测地球内部利用的是天然地震产生的地震波,这是因为天然地震释放的能量大,一次天然地震释放的能量相当于万吨级炸药.几千公里远处仍可以接收到信噪比大于1的地震波信号,但天然地震发生频度低和震源位置定位精度低限制了利用天然地震进行地下探测的精度;后来,利用人工源的地震勘探得到迅速的发展,探测精度明显提高,但受到人工源能量的限制,探测的空间尺度有限;今天,以小当量激发实现大尺度探测是发展地震雷达的一个关键问题,是将地震波理论和现代信息科学相结合的一个新的领域.发展人工震源的编码和接收信号的解码等理论和技术,可以从电磁波雷达在过去半个世纪所经过的道路得到许多借鉴和启发.可以预期,地震雷达的发展将会对观测地震学带来全面的影响.     

多项式拟合技术在强噪声地震资料中的应用研究

获得高分辨率的地震信号是决定地震勘探在油气田等资源开发中能否发挥更大作用的关键,所以说地震信号的高分辨率是地震勘探所追求的重要目标,而提高数据信噪比才能真正提高地震资料的分辨率.本文通过对多项式拟合技术去噪的研究,以此提高地震数据信噪比.实际数据的处理结果表明,该方法能减少对振幅的畸变,同时可处理非水平的和弯曲的同相轴,可很好地提高地震资料的分辨率.     

东北地区资源环境基础与区域发展政策

作为我国21世纪资源开发的重要场所,东北地区资源环境开发利用将对国家社会经济发展起到举足轻重的作用。文章分析了东北地区资源本底特征、人地关系演进状态以及发展趋势。在此基础上,对未来区域发展政策提出了建议。     

基于GIS技术的大地电磁测深数据库系统设计与实现

大地电磁(Megnetotelluric,简称MT)测深数据子库是中国岩石圈三维结构数据库所属子库之一。本文阐述了结合GIS技术开发大地电磁测深数据库管理系统的必要性。讨论了新型大地电磁测深数据库及基于GIS平台的数据库管理系统的总体设计思想。在分析原ACCESS大地电磁测深数据库所存在问题的基础上,建立新的MT数据库实体-关系模型,并进一步把原有的MT数据库改造为SQL Server 2000数据库;同时,开发了基于GIS的MT数据库管理系统。本文介绍了基于GIS的MT数据库管理系统所具有的功能。