Spillover or crowding out? The effects of environmental regulation on residents’ willingness to pay for environmental protection

Natural Hazards - Existing researches about environment regulation mainly focus on its effect on enterprises’ production decision-making behavior but neglects the effect on the individual and...     

A novel dynamic predictive method of water inrush from coal floor based on gated recurrent unit model

Natural Hazards - For water inrush from coal floor, due to different kinds of controlling factors and their internal correlations, the accuracy of prediction model is mostly below expectation. In...     

Application of generalized Pareto distribution for modeling aleatory variability of ground motion

Natural Hazards - The lognormal distribution is commonly used to characterize the aleatory variability of ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA)....     

Ion chemistry of groundwater and the possible controls within Lhasa River Basin,SW Tibetan Plateau

In order to study the major ion chemistry and controls of groundwater, 65 groundwater samples were collected and their major ions measured from wells within Lhasa River Basin. Groundwater has the characteristics of slightly alkaline and moderate total dissolved solid (TDS). TDS concentration ranged from 122.0 to 489.9 mg/L with a median value of 271.2 mg/L. Almost all the groundwater samples suited for drinking and irrigation. The major cations of groundwater are Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, accounting for 59.6 and 31.3% of the cations, respectively. Meanwhile, HCO₃^? and SO₄^2? constituted about 56.7 and 36.9% of the anions, respectively, in Lhasa River Basin. The hydrochemical type of groundwater is HCO₃-SO₄-Ca-Mg. The chemical composition of groundwater samples located in the middle of Gibbs model, which indicates that the major chemical process of groundwater is controlled by rock weathering. Carbonate weathering was the dominant hydro-geochemical process controlling the concentration of major ions in groundwater within Lhasa River Basin, but silicate weathering also plays an important role.     

Probabilistic calibration of a coupled hydro-mechanical slope stability model with integration of multiple observations

Multiple types of responses, such as displacements, ground water level, pore water pressures, water contents, etc., are usually measured in comprehensive monitoring programmes for rainfall-induced landslide prevention. In this study, a probabilistic calibration method for coupled hydro-mechanical modelling of slope stability is presented with integration of multiple types of measurements. A numerical example of a soil slope under rainfall infiltration is illustrated to compare the effects of single and multiple types of responses on parameter estimation and model calibration. The results show that the soil parameters can be estimated with less uncertainty and total uncertainty bounds are narrower with multiple types of responses than with a single type of response. Model calibration based on multiple types of responses can compromise different responses and hence the means and standard deviations of model error are the smallest. A feasible correlation coefficient between soil modulus and permeability can be obtained from model calibration with multiple types of responses and single type of response as long as the responses include displacement data.     

非均匀介质地震AVO响应模拟及分析

地震AVO （amplitude versus offset）技术是一项利用振幅信息研究岩性、检测油气的地震勘探技术。常规方法基于Zoeppritz方程计算模型界面处的反射系数,而实际地下非均匀介质中地震反射特征不仅与入射角度、物性差异有关,还与入射波频率、地层厚度、薄互层结构等因素有关。为此,应用传播矩阵理论充分考虑与这些因素有关的调谐干涉等传播效应,针对实际数据计算非均匀地下介质的高精度合成地震记录,对比Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程、Shuey三项近似方程以及传播矩阵算法的模拟效果。研究发现：在小角度入射时Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程和Shuey三项近似方程的反射振幅和波形基本一致,大角度入射时Zoeppritz方程与Shuey三项近似方程接近;Zoeppritz算法的模拟结果在小角度入射和浅层情况下与传播矩阵算法差别较小,而在大角度入射和深层情况下与传播矩阵差别较大,说明层间多次波的调谐干涉等传播效应不可忽略。     

Oil geochemistry derived from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields: insight from light hydrocarbons

A suite of 27 oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using whole oil gas chromatography. In combination with the relative distribution of C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉ regular steranes, detailed geochemical analyses of light hydrocarbons in oil samples revealed crude oils characterized by the dual input of lower aquatic organisms and higher terrestrial plants. Several light hydrocarbon indicators suggest that the liquid hydrocarbons have maturities equivalent to vitrinite reflectances of around 0.78%–0.93%. This is consistent with the maturity determination of steranes C₂₉ 20S/(20S + 20R) and C₂₉ ααβ/(ααα + αββ). Crude oils derived from the two distinct oilfields likely both have source rocks deposited in a lacustrine environment based on light hydrocarbon parameters and on higher molecular weight hydrocarbon parameters. The results show that light hydrocarbon data in crude oils can provide important information for understanding the geochemical characteristics of the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oils during geologic evolution.     

基于数学形态学的位场数据边缘增强方法

位场数据边缘增强对于地质构造研究和矿床勘查具有重要意义。现有的边缘增强方法多数基于位场数据的导数构建,往往存在对噪声敏感的缺点,且处理结果中常有虚假边界的出现。本文基于数学形态学良好的形状分析和噪声压制性能,通过数学形态学基本算子的组合叠加,提出了一种新的位场数据边缘增强方法。该方法容易实现,且不需要计算位场数据的水平和垂向导数。板状体模型试验结果表明,该方法能有效地对重力异常和化极后的磁异常数据进行边缘增强。针对三维模型试验中正负异常同时存在的情况,相比以往几种方法,该方法输出的边缘更清晰且没有额外边缘的产生,并表现出更强的抗噪能力。最后将该方法和以往几种方法应用到老挝万象地区实际重力异常数据的处理中,结果显示该方法刻画出的边缘更加连续清晰;同时结合以往地质资料,推断了成矿的有利部位。     

中国地质勘查周期及成因分析

本文开拓性地系统研究建国以来中国地质勘查周期,引入经济周期理论、工业化发展阶段理论、矿产品使用强度理论、政治决策因素、市场因素等对地质勘查周期进行了解释,试图理清多年来认识不清的问题。通过统计建国以来历年地质勘查投入、钻探工作量、见矿异常和发现矿产地等数据,划分了8次地质勘查工作周期。在对我国经济周期和财政周期研究的基础上,提出了地勘工作周期与经济和财政周期相对应的观点。此外,通过研究建国以来工业化进程和国家经济发展战略的选择,结合矿产品使用强度变化趋势,认为在重工业化发展阶段,矿产品使用强度处于高位,从而地勘投入处于高位;在农业、轻工业化发展阶段,地勘工作逐渐走弱。2013年后,随着我国进入工业化后期阶段,地勘工作处于新一轮弱势状态。地勘工作周期体现了长期国家发展战略主动选择、工业化进程与短期财政和经济波动双重叠加的特点,短期政策因素则常对地勘周期波动时有放大或熨平作用。     

Financing rapid community reconstruction after catastrophic disaster: lessons from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

Catastrophic disasters can change the course of urban development and challenge the long-run sustainability of cities and regions. How to rapidly reconstruct communities impaired by catastrophic disaster is a world-wide challenge. The reconstruction after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China was an unusual case of very rapid reconstruction after a catastrophic disaster. Over US$147 billion was invested to rebuild the damaged areas within 3 years. The reconstruction was not simply building back what was destroyed, but was used as an opportunity to advance national goals for urbanization, rural transformation, and poverty reduction. In this article, we review how the reconstruction was planned, budgeted, and financed in the sociopolitical context of 2008 China. Particularly, we discuss two innovative programs, namely pair assistance and land-based financing. Despite the unique circumstances of China, lessons can be learned to speed up post-disaster reconstruction and urban development in other countries. Conversely, this case illustrates that a narrow focus on physical reconstruction may overlook broader economic and social issues.