Carbonate biomineralization induced by soil bacterium Bacillus megaterium

Biogenic carbonates spawned from microbial activities are common occurrences in soils. Here, we investigate the carbonate biomineralization mediated by the bacterium Bacillus megaterium, a dominant strain separated from a loess profile in China. Upon completing bacterial cultivation, the ensuring products are centrifuged, and the resultant supernatant and the concentrated bacterial sludge as well as the un-separated culture are added separately into a Ca-CO₃ containing solution for crystallization experiments. Results of XRD and SEM analysis indicate that calcite is the dominant mineral phase formed when the bacteria are present. When the supernatant alone is used, however, a significant portion of vaterite is also precipitated. Experimental results further reveal that the bacteria have a strong tendency to colonize the center area of the calcite {1 0  4} faces. Observed crystal morphology suggests that the bacterial colony may promote the growth normal to each individual {1 0  4} face of calcite when the cell concentration is high, but may retard it or even cause dissolution of the immediate substrate surfaces when the concentration is low. SEM images taken at earlier stages of the crystallization experiments demonstrate the nucleation of calcite on the bacterial cell walls but do not show obvious morphological changes on the nanometer- to submicron-sized nuclei. δ¹³C measurements unveil that the crystals grown in the presence of bacteria are further enriched in the heavy carbon isotope, implying that the bacterial metabolism may not be the carbon sources for the mineralization. Based upon these findings, we propose a mechanism for the B. megaterium mediated calcite mineralization and conclude that the whole process involves epi- and inter-cellular growth in the local microenvironments whose conditions may be controlled by cell sequestration and proton pumping during bacterial respiration.     

基于空间分析与实证的中国农业土地边际收益与全要素生产率研究(英文)

This paper attempts to explore the temporal and spatial nature of the marginal revenue of land, total factor productivity (TFP) change and its three components: technical change (TC), technical efficiency change (TEC) and scale efficiency change (SEC) as seen in Chinese agricultural production from 1995 to 1999. Based on county-level data, the study utilized both stochastic frontier and mapping analyses methods. The results show that growth in the marginal revenue of land was diverse across various regions, where most gain occurred in eastern coastal zone, while loss was in Northwest and North China. China has experienced moderate decreases in annual TFP change (-0.26%) with considerable regional variations. Specifically, the administrative intervention in grain production and the deterioration of the agricultural technology diffusion system led to a moderate drop in annual TFP change. County-level mapping analyses took into account interregional variances in TFP and its components. Regarding components of TFP, TEC differences explain the majority of regional dispersions in TFP. As developed areas in China, the Huang-Huai-Hai region and the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan economic zone face the challenges of land conversion and grain security amidst the process of urbanization.     

浅谈通信基站的防雷措施

通过对雷电对通信基站设备的损害分析,提出通信基站相应的防雷措施。     

基于WebGIS的城市建设工程监管系统设计与实现

文章介绍了基于WebGIS的建设工程监管系统的技术架构、网络结构、关键技术和主要功能模块。系统实现了建设工程监管的可视化,旨在为提高城市建设工程的监管水平提供科学、准确、综合的信息支持。     

北斗RDSS用户机测试系统指标监测校准方案设计

北斗卫星无线电测定业务(RDSS)用户机是我国北斗卫星导航试验系统的应用终端,测试系统可为用户机研制和使用提供可靠保障。鉴于RDSS体制的特殊性,测试系统的重要性能指标包括:用户机入站信号测量指标、用户机时延测量指标、以及用户机测试系统出站信号。为确保测试系统测试标准的统一,需要对测试系统的这些指标进行监测和校准。通过对普通用户机提出技术改进设计,为测试系统校准提供可行性方案,实现测试系统指标向标准测试仪器的溯源。     

中国近54年来夏季极端降水事件特征研究

利用1960~2013年中国6~8月无缺测的571站逐日降水资料,定义7个极端降水指数,研究中国夏季极端降水事件特征。结果表明:(1)极端降水事件空间分布存在明显的区域性差异,长江中下游地区、华南地区、西北地区表现为增加趋势,东北地区、华北地区、西南部分地区表现为减少趋势;时间分布表现出具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,极端降水事件有增加趋势,在20世纪90年代初期有明显转折。(2)M-K检验表现出极端降水事件在20世纪90年代初发生突变,突变前(后)偏弱(强)。(3)极端降水指数周期振荡不完全一致,准15年周期振荡为主,其次是准7年周期,最强振动出现在1998年。(4)除持续干期指数外,其他极端降水指数间存在较好的相关性。     

东昆仑祁漫塔格地区花岗岩类时空变化的构造控制——来自钾钠含量变化的证据

系统收集东昆仑祁漫塔格地区花岗岩类岩石化学数据,统一采用Collins,et al.（1982）提出的K2ONa2O分类图解法,获得各个地史时期花岗岩的成因类型。结果表明,晋宁期以S型为主,优势方位不明显。加里东期优势方位为北东向,以A型为主,北西向处于次要地位,以I型为主。海西印支期,优势方位为北西向,岩石类型在海西早、中期以I型为主,海西晚期至印支期以A型为主。此时北东向处于次要地位,岩石类型以A型为主。燕山期,整个祁漫塔格地区昆中断裂以北均为A型,以南形成新的构造岩浆岩带,岩石类型主要为I型。并且,燕山期昆中断裂以北早期以北西向为主,晚期以北东向为主。上述情况说明,至少自加里东期以来,该区花岗岩的空间展布、发育规模、成因类型等诸方面都始终受到北东向和北西向两组构造带的活动强度、力学性质交替变化的控制,并且由老到新总体上存在着由北向南逐渐迁移的变化趋势。因此,祁漫塔格岩浆岩带并非同一构造机制下形成的岩浆弧,而是由北东向和北西向两组构造岩浆活动带交替作用控制的、成因类型不同的花岗岩类共同组成的复合构造岩浆岩带。     

嘉黎断裂带活动性研究进展

嘉黎断裂是一条横贯青藏高原东南部的大型走滑断裂,在印度和欧亚板块碰撞前后通过调整应力平衡发挥着重要作用.本文根据前人对嘉黎断裂的研究成果,从地质学和地球物理学的角度,系统地总结分析嘉黎断裂带构造背景、壳幔结构、晚第四纪和现今的活动性质和速率.基于地质学方法,搜集前人在测年方面的研究结果,限定断裂的活动年限以及活动速率.同时在东段的北侧分支嘎龙寺附近,采用光释光测年法增加两个测年点,完善活动速度资料,并对断裂自西向东不同部位的走滑速率和错动断距进行对比分析.基于地球物理学观测资料,分析地震活动性和壳幔物质的速度结构、各向异性等参数,利用波形拟合方法,新增18个3~5级地震的震源机制解.结果表明,嘉黎断裂现今的构造变形主要表现为右旋走滑运动,但是在不同的分段具有显著的差异性,新生的西兴拉—达木分支是地震最活跃的区域.在此基础上,探讨青藏高原的构造演化过程,分析东构造结地区构造运动的稳定性,为川藏铁路雅安—林芝段工程建设地质灾害风险评估提供必要参考资料.     

图象分割中随机噪音的影响

该文在生成的灰度图象上加上随机噪音，用最大后验（ＭＡＰ）估计方法、模糊Ｃ－均值方法和Ｏｔｓｕ阈值方法进行了分割计算，对结果进行了对比分析，绘出了分割随噪音的标准差变化曲线，对噪音图象使用了不同的滤波方法处理之后，并进行计算。     

Anelastic convection-driven dynamo benchmarks: A finite element model

We present a fully non-linear, anelastic convection and dynamo model in a rotating spherical shell that is based on a finite element method. It is shown that both the hydrodynamic steadily drifting convection and convection-driven steadily drifting dynamo are in satisfactory agreement with the anelastic convection and dynamo benchmark based on the pseudo-spectral method (Jones, C.A., Boronski, P., Brun, A.S., Glatzmaier, G.A., Gastine, T., Miesch, M.S., Wicht, J. [2011]. Icarus, 216, 120–135).