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A novel dynamic stretching solution to eliminate saturation effect in NDVI and its application in drought monitoring

The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) is one of the key input variables for developing drought indices.However,the NDVI quickly saturates in high vegetation surfaces,and thus,the generalization of a drought index over different ecosystems becomes a challenge.This paper presents a novel,dynamic stretching algorithm to overcome the saturation effect in NDVI.A scaling transformation function to eliminate saturation effects when the vegetation fraction(VF) is large is proposed.Dynamic range adjustment is conducted using three coefficients,namely,the normalization factor(a),the stretching range controlling factor(m),and the stretching size controlling factor(e).The results show that the stretched NDVI(S-NDVI) is more sensitive to vegetation fraction than NDVI when the VF is large,ranging from 0.75 to 1.00.Moreover,the saturation effect in NDVI is effectively removed by using the S-NDVI.Further analysis suggests that there is a good linear correlation between the S-NDVI and the leaf area index(LAI).At the same time,the proposed S-NDVI significantly reduces or even eliminates the saturation effect over high biomass.A comparative analysis is performed between drought indices derived from NDVI and S-NDVI,respectively.In the experiment,reflectance data from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) products and in-situ observation data from the meteorological sites at a regional scale are used.In this study,the coefficient of determination(R2) of the stretched drought index(S-DI) is above 0.5,indicating the reliability of the proposed algorithm with surface soil moisture content.Thus,the S-DI is suggested to be used as a drought index in extended regions,thus regional heterogeneity should be taken into account when applying stretching method.     

Coupling winds to ocean surface currents over the global ocean

A Wind stress–Current Coupled System (WCCS) consisting of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) and an improved wind stress algorithm based on Donelan et al. [Donelan, W.M., Drennan, Katsaros, K.B., 1997. The air–sea momentum flux in mixed wind sea and swell conditions. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 2087–2099] is developed by using the Earth System Modeling Framework (ESMF). The WCCS is applied to the global ocean to study the interactions between the wind stress and the ocean surface currents. In this study, the ocean surface current velocity is taken into consideration in the wind stress calculation and air–sea heat flux calculation. The wind stress that contains the effect of ocean surface current velocity will be used to force the HYCOM. The results indicate that the ocean surface velocity exerts an important influence on the wind stress, which, in turn, significantly affects the global ocean surface currents, air–sea heat fluxes, and the thickness of ocean surface boundary layer. Comparison with the TOGA TAO buoy data, the sea surface temperature from the wind–current coupled simulation showed noticeable improvement over the stand-alone HYCOM simulation.     

无拉伸动校正技术在近海工程地震勘探中的应用

动校正是地震资料处理的关键内容之一,直接关系到地震资料处理结果的精度.在浅层和大偏移距情况下,常规动校正使波形发生拉伸畸变,波形拉长、频带向低频方向移动,进而影响叠加效果.通常地震资料处理中大都采用切除的方法克服动校正拉伸畸变的影响,这对目的层较深时是可取的.以工程地质调查为目的的海洋地震勘探旨在了解海底之下较浅地层深度范围内的地质信息,一般勘探区水深较浅,数据叠加道数较少,如果仍然采取切除处理,势必严重影响资料的分辨率和准确度.本文阐述了一种无拉伸动校正方法,能较好地解决动校正后的波形畸变问题,理论模型和实际资料的处理结果表明该方法在近海浅层工程地震勘探中是行之有效的,有助于提高速度分析的精度和地震资料的分辨率.     

基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）的毛乌素沙地1981—2020年干旱特征研究

大气干旱是影响半干旱沙区植被建设、生态恢复及社会经济可持续发展的重要因素。基于1981—2020年毛乌素沙地10个气象站点的逐月气象资料,计算了月、季和年尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,分析了该沙区近40年降水和气温的变化趋势、干旱事件及其频率的时空特征。结果表明：（1）毛乌素沙地近40年降水量和气温均呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）;秋季和冬季降水量呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）,四季气温均呈现显著的上升趋势（P<0.05）。（2）毛乌素沙地总体上呈现出不显著的湿润化趋势（P>0.05）,但秋季呈显著的湿润化趋势（P<0.05）;中、西部地区呈现出湿润化趋势,而东部地区则呈现干旱化趋势。（3）近40年毛乌素沙地的月尺度下干旱总频率达32.71%,各等级发生频率为轻旱>中旱>重旱>特旱,季节发生频次为冬季>夏季、秋季>春季;轻旱主要发生在毛乌素沙地的北部、中部、东南和西南部,中旱在东部、北部和西部边缘,重旱在东部、中部以及南部地区,特旱在西北部、南部和东南部区域。     

天水-秦安一带中新世黄土堆积区沉积-地貌演化

前人的构造地质学研究,将天水-秦安一带的中新世黄土分布区划归两个不同的构造单元.文章基于野外调查和已有年代地层学工作,结合前人成果,对该区新生代沉积-地貌演化历史进行研究,并划分为以下主要阶段:1)古近纪初南部秦岭山地的剥蚀,使本区在原有基岩准平原地形的基础上,形成以冲洪积平原为主的地形.古近纪末-新近纪初的构造活动使冲洪积平原解体,在秦安地区形成基岩台地与沉陷盆地相间、天水-西和地区形成拉分盆地与隆起山地交错的地貌景观,这些高地为中新世黄土堆积提供了地形基础.2)中新世从22Ma到11Ma,基岩台地和相对平缓的高地上堆积典型黄土-古土壤序列,盆地内则主要发育次生黄土等洼地沉积,表明研究区类似于今天的黄土高原.3)中新世晚期约11Ma起发生的一次侵蚀事件,使研究区的一些小盆地内发育河流相和间歇性浅湖相沉积,秦安一带的黄土堆积也遭到侵蚀,形成的洼地内发育黄土状土或洼地静水沉积,其中包含较多哺乳动物化石,而大范围的相对平坦高地上一直继续发育黄土-古土壤序列.这次侵蚀对本区内甘肃群的沉积多样性有重要贡献,但一直没有深水湖泊发育的条件.4)发生于3.5Ma以后的另一次重大侵蚀,奠定了该区今天狭窄长墚地形的基础,是第四纪黄土堆积在本区保存较差的主要原因.     

宝顶石刻区污染地下水对造像岩体的破坏作用

污染地下水渗入大佛湾摩岩造像群，在石刻表面积聚可溶盐，加剧了石刻的侵蚀破坏，其中尤以泥质细粒长石砂岩风化剥落最为严重。研究渗水病害对石刻保护有重要意义。     

磁性下界面的正则化反演方法

根据磁异常反演磁性介质下界面,属于非线性问题,一般很难直接求解.本文采用将非线性问题线性化措施,建立起线性离散磁模型,然后应用线性规划的正则算法,设计了迭代求解方案.该方法不要求已知界面起伏的平均深度,只要求假定界面是连续的及磁性沿横向变化.算法便于对解施行物理约束,具有收敛快,精度高的特点.     

点、线符号相关处理的代数方法

本文阐述了采用地图代数的理论自动地处理各类地学信息系统编绘地图中点、线符号相关问题的技术方法——交会运算。     

关于部分变元的非常稳定性

本文利用极限方程的方法研究微分方程关于部分变元的多种非常稳定性,讨论了给定方程与其积限方程的非常稳定性的关系。