Seismology software: state of the practice

We analyzed the state of practice for software development in the seismology domain by comparing 30 software packages on four aspects: product, implementation, design, and process. We found room for improvement in most seismology software packages. The principal areas of concern include a lack of adequate requirements and design specification documents, a lack of test data to assess reliability, a lack of examples to get new users started, and a lack of technological tools to assist with managing the development process. To assist going forward, we provide recommendations for a document-driven development process that includes a problem statement, development plan, requirement specification, verification and validation (V&V) plan, design specification, code, V&V report, and a user manual. We also provide advice on tool use, including issue tracking, version control, code documentation, and testing tools.     

Bayesian Monitoring Design for Streambed Heat Tracing: Numerical Simulation and Sandbox Experiments

Heat tracing methods have been widely employed for subsurface characterization. Nevertheless, there were very few studies regarding the optimal monitoring design for heat tracing in heterogeneous streambeds. In this study, we addressed this issue by proposing an efficient optimal design framework to collect the most informative diurnal temperature signal for Bayesian estimation of streambed hydraulic conductivities. The data worth (DW) was measured by the expected relative entropy between the prior and posterior distributions of the conductivity field. An adaptively refined Gaussian process surrogate was employed to alleviate the computational burden, resulting in at least three orders of magnitude of speed-up. The applicability of the optimal experimental design framework was evaluated by both numerical and sandbox experimental cases. Results showed that the most informative locations centered in the transition zones among the main patterns of the hydraulic conductivity field, while the most informative times centered in a short period after the minimum/maximum temperature appeared. With the fixed number of measurements, extending the calibration period was more beneficial than increasing the monitoring frequency in improving the estimation results. To our best knowledge, this work is the first study on Bayesian monitoring design for streambed characterization with the heat tracing method. The method and results can provide guidance on selecting monitoring strategies under budget-limited conditions.     

伊朗库姆大桥大口径基桩孔钻进工艺

介绍了在伊朗库姆大桥工地利用泵吸反循环冲洗一次成孔工艺,施工大口径基桩孔的技术问题,包括埋设护筒、移机定位、对鱼尾导向和燕尾导向刮刀钻头镶焊角度的改进和变换泵轴密封材料等,提高了成孔效率和质量。      

Preliminary study on community structures of meiofauna in the middle and eastern Chukchi Sea

Sediment core samples were collected from 17 stations in the middle and eastern Chukchi Sea during the sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-Arctic) in summer 2014.The samples were analyzed for composition,abundance,biomass,vertical distribution,size spectra,and ecological indexes of meiofauna.A total of 14 meiofauna taxa were detected,and the free-living marine nematodes comprised the most dominant taxon,accounting for 97.21% of the average abundance.The abundance and biomass of meiofauna were within ranges of(218.12±85.83)-(7 239.38±1 557.15) ind./(10 cm~2) and(130.28±52.17)-(3 309.56±1 751.80) μg/(10 cm~2),with average values of(2 391.90±1 966.19) ind./(10 cm~2) and(1 549.73±2 042.85) μg/(10 cm~2)(according to dry weight)respectively.Furthermore,91.26% of the individuals were distributed in the top layer of 0-5 cm of surface sediment,and 90.84% had sizes of 32-250 μm.Group diversity index of meiofauna in the survey area was low,and the variation of abundance was the main difference in meiofauna communities among all stations.Abundance and biomass of meiofauna were not significantly correlated with environmental factors except concentration of nutrient Si in bottom seawater.Abundance of meiofauna in shallow water of marginal seas in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean is likely at a same level and higher than that in most of China sea areas,suggesting that the shallow water of the summer Chukchi Sea is a continental shelf area with rich resources of meiofauna.The Chukchi Sea is important for studying the ecosystem of the Arctic Ocean and environmental responses.However,studies on meiofauna in the Chukchi Sea are still not enough,and in the future,natural and human disturbances may increase due to global warming,the Arctic channel opening,and other factors.Thus,more studies on meiofauna should be required,in order to know more about how the Arctic benthic community would alter.     

蓝藻膦酸酯代谢及其生态意义研究进展

膦酸酯是新近发现的一类生物可利用磷,其广泛存在于水生生态系统,是水体有机磷库的重要组成,构成水体磷氧化还原循环的关键环节。随着研究的深入,越来越多的蓝藻藻株被证实参与膦酸酯的生物利用与合成,有助于阐明其适应低磷环境的机制,促进了对蓝藻磷策略与水体磷循环的全面理解,具有重要的生态学意义。与此同时,蓝藻对膦酸酯的利用性状,使得膦酸酯作为环境污染物与蓝藻磷源的双重作用开始显现,这会对水体浮游生物竞争格局的研究产生深远影响;而蓝藻的甲基膦酸代谢也被认为是水体好氧甲烷发生的来源之一。本文回顾了蓝藻膦酸酯利用与合成的研究历史,对目前蓝藻膦酸酯代谢过程生态风险与生态意义的研究进展进行了梳理,并对这一领域未来发展趋势进行了评述。     

Evaluation of WaPOR V2 evapotranspiration products across Africa

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) portal to monitor water productivity through open-access of remotely sensed derived data (WaPOR) offers continuous actual evapotranspiration and interception (ETIa-WPR) data at a 10-day basis across Africa and the Middle East from 2009 onwards at three spatial resolutions. The continental level (250 m) covers Africa and the Middle East (L1). The national level (100 m) covers 21 countries and 4 river basins (L2). The third level (30 m) covers eight irrigation areas (L3). To quantify the uncertainty of WaPOR version 2 (V2.0) ETIa-WPR in Africa, we used a number of validation methods. We checked the physical consistency against water availability and the long-term water balance and then verify the continental spatial and temporal trends for the major climates in Africa. We directly validated ETIa-WPR against in situ data of 14 eddy covariance stations (EC). Finally, we checked the level consistency between the different spatial resolutions. Our findings indicate that ETIa-WPR is performing well, but with some noticeable overestimation. The ETIa-WPR is showing expected spatial and temporal consistency with respect to climate classes. ETIa-WPR shows mixed results at point scale as compared to EC flux towers with an overall correlation of 0.71, and a root mean square error of 1.2 mm/day. The level consistency is very high between L1 and L2. However, the consistency between L1 and L3 varies significantly between irrigation areas. In rainfed areas, the ETIa-WPR is overestimating at low ETIa-WPR and underestimating when ETIa is high. In irrigated areas, ETIa-WPR values appear to be consistently overestimating ETa. The relative soil moisture content (SMC), the input of quality layers and local advection effects were some of the identified causes. The quality assessment of ETIa-WPR product is enhanced by combining multiple evaluation methods. Based on the results, the ETIa-WPR dataset is of enough quality to contribute to the understanding and monitoring of local and continental water processes and water management.     

敦煌壁画计算机存贮与管理信息系统研究

该研究以０４５号窟为例，应用近景摄影测量、数字图象处理、色度学和信息系统理论和技术方法，以现有的仪器设备为基础，对洞窟内壁画、塑象等进行近景摄影测量、图象几何纠正和彩色失真矫正，建立了可操作的“敦煌壁柬计算机存贮与管理信息系统”。为敦煌英高窟壁画、逆象等文物图象数据永久保存、修复、还原和进一步开发研究等提供服务。     

超深超大深基坑逆作法施工关键技术

武汉南国中心一期基坑支护工程采用逆作法施工,周边环境复杂,场区内砂层较厚,基坑设计技术要求高,特别是支护结构地下连续墙、立柱桩垂直度要求高、嵌岩深,施工时在软硬互层部位容易产生偏斜,入岩效率低。针对工程施工重难点,从设备选型、工艺选择、钻头选用等方面采取措施,解决逆作法超深超大基坑支护结构施工中的困难问题,介绍了解决问题的思路,取得了显著的效果,施工质量满足相关技术要求。     

地震沉积学在不同沉积相和储集层研究中的应用*

地震沉积学包括地震地貌学和地震岩性学,应用前景广阔。针对玛湖凹陷克拉玛依组碎屑岩、川中地区龙王庙组碳酸盐岩和嘉陵江组混积岩3种不同岩性的沉积环境开展研究,探讨了地震沉积学在3种环境下沉积相与储集层研究的应用效果。研究发现,玛湖凹陷克拉玛依组发育冲积扇和河流相,点坝储集层孔渗条件好,产能优于扇缘储集层。川中龙王庙组碳酸盐岩沉积受控于同沉积走滑断裂,白云岩厚储集层分布在磨溪构造斜坡区。川中嘉二下亚段自西南向东北从陆相经海陆过渡相和局限蒸发相变为海相,有利于储集层发育的白云岩岩相位于中部的局限蒸发相附近。3个实例研究中除了使用相位旋转、地层切片和分频3种传统技术之外,还利用了主因子分析和RGB融合2项新技术。研究结果较理想,表明地震沉积学在定性重建沉积相和定量预测储集层方面应用效果显著。     

碳酸盐岩储集层成岩作用中“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”研究进展、地质意义及鄂尔多斯盆地实例*

基于碳酸盐岩储集层成岩作用中受孔隙尺寸控制的矿物沉淀和胶结非均质特征的发现与思考,结合当今国内外有关多孔介质中流体—岩石相互作用及化学流体动力学研究进展的调研,对相关研究进展及其地质意义进行了简单的梳理和归纳。(1)地质环境中“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象广泛存在,表现为储集层孔隙的胶结非均质性及其最终形成的“大孔充填而小孔保存”特征。现今研究主要从不同尺度孔隙结构观察、流体—孔隙介质相互作用的数值模拟、矿物沉淀实验3个方面开展。(2)受孔隙尺寸控制的非均质沉淀特征可以利用与表面化学相关的动力学模型进行解释,即微孔隙中更大的界面张力和矿物晶体曲率导致矿物的有效溶解度更高,因而更容易保持过饱和状态而不发生沉淀。(3)“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象可使油气储集层发生微孔的选择性保存,在不同尺度孔隙共生的情况下,较大孔隙更倾向于被胶结充填而小孔则更易于被保存,不同的胶结模式对岩石整体渗透率的影响略有不同;该现象在地热储集层开发和二氧化碳地质封存研究中也值得重视。最后,结合鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组碳酸盐岩储集层的非均质胶结特征和孔隙分布,分析总结成岩流体性质、来源及胶结模式差异对孔隙结构演化和优质储集层分布的影响。“孔隙尺寸控制沉淀”现象的发现和重视对于理解流体—岩石复杂作用过程具有重要理论意义,也为储集层成岩作用和孔隙保存研究提供了新的视点和思考角度。