Generalized stress framework for unsaturated soil: demonstration and discussion

The long-lived debate on the principle of effective stress is rooted in the obscure physical significance of stresses. For the sakes of clarifying stress concepts and establishing a reasonable principle of effective stress, unsaturated soil is divided into six phases and the bearing structure of it, named generalized soil structure, is defined based on considering soil as a special structure. Then the essence of effective stress equation, named stress relation equation, is derived according to analysis of interphase interactions and independent-phase equilibrium. The stress relation equation indicates the corresponding relation between two series of stress variables used in mixed and multiphase continuum models, respectively. Furthermore, a reasonable concept of suction stress is redefined to describe interparticle connection properties. Then, a generalized stress framework is constructed by associating stress relation equation with suction stress. After demonstrating the concept of neutral stress, a generalized principle of effective stress is established and the total soil skeleton stress is searched out, which is the predominant stress controlling the strength and deformation of soil. Finally, the collapse phenomenon is analyzed and the time- and spatial-dependent stress frameworks are developed.

     

Effect of plastic deformation on hydraulic fracturing with extended element method

The propagation of hydraulic fracture in elastic rocks has widely been investigated. In the paper, we shall focus on numerical modeling of hydraulic fracturing in a class of porous rocks exhibiting plastic deformation. The plastic strain of porous rocks is described by a non-associated plastic model based on Drucker–Prager criterion. The plastic deformation is coupled with fluid pressure evolution described by the lubrication theory. An extended finite element method is used for modeling the propagation of fracture. The fracture propagation criterion is based on the J-integral. The proposed numerical model is validated by comparisons with numerical and analytical results. The influence of plastic deformation on fracture propagation process is investigated.

     

非饱和土壤水流方程的极值原理

讨论了非饱和土壤水流问题及其数值计算方案的极值原理,在理论上证明了连续问题及其数值格式均满足极值原理,即在一定的条件下,预报变量的最大值和最小值只能在边界上达到,从而描述了特定的物理性质.这些问题在讨论入渗、蒸发问题的研究中是重要的.     

700年以来冲绳海槽西南部粘土矿物来源及其对沉积环境的响应

利用X射线衍射（XRD）技术对冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站700年以来的黏土矿物组成以及结晶学特征进行了研究和分析,并对该区的沉积特征、物质来源以及黏土矿物所记录的东亚季风的演化历史进行了探讨。研究发现冲绳海槽南部HOBAB4-S2站黏土矿物组合总体是以伊利石（59–77 %,平均含量69 %）和绿泥石（11–17 %,平均含量14 %）为主,而蒙脱石（5–23 %,平均含量12 %）和高岭石含量（2–6 %,平均含量4 %）则相对较低。通过黏土矿物研究对物源进行分析,发现冲绳海槽南部研究站位的黏土矿物中,蒙脱石主要是来自于长江或者东海大陆架的再沉积。伊利石,绿泥石以及高岭石主要来自于台湾河流,尤其是兰阳溪。蒙脱石/（伊利石+绿泥石）比值的大小可以用来指示东亚夏季风的强弱变化。1320 AD以来的黏土矿物组合的变化较好地记录了部分中世纪暖期后期、小冰期以及现代暖期3个时期在百年时间尺度上的气候波动。该指标显示,相对于中世纪暖期后期,东亚季风强度在小冰期（1405–1850 AD）和在现代暖期（1955 AD）均存在明显的减弱,指示该时期台湾东北部-冲绳海槽南部地区处于相对湿润强降雨的气候环境。     

技术创新对黄河流域城市绿色发展的影响研究

创新是推动黄河流域高质量发展的重要途径之一。利用2006—2018年黄河流域79个地级以上城市的面板数据,首先构建指标体系对各城市技术创新及绿色发展水平进行分析,其次通过面板计量模型深入探究技术创新对城市绿色发展的作用机理。研究表明：① 2006—2018年,黄河流域城市技术创新与绿色发展水平均得到明显提升,但空间差异显著,总体呈“下游>中游>上游”阶梯式递减特征。② 黄河流域城市技术创新对绿色发展总体上没有显著影响,但在加入技术创新的二次项后,两者之间呈现显著的“U”型非线性关系,即技术创新先抑制后促进城市绿色发展,这也验证了技术的“回弹效应”假说;③ 技术创新对黄河流域城市绿色发展的影响可以通过直接效应和间接效应共同体现,但这两种效应正好相反,即一个城市技术创新能力的提升对该城市绿色发展存在显著的“U”型（先抑制后促进）关系,但对邻近城市的作用呈现倒“U”型相反的关系。根据研究结论,从技术创新对城市绿色发展的直接效应和间接效应2个方面提出了相应的政策建议。     

Method for UAV-based 3D topography reconstruction of tidal creeks

It is common to obtain the topography of tidal flats by the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) photogrammetry,but this method is not applicable in tidal creeks.The residual water will lead to inaccurate depth inversion results,and the topography of tidal creeks mainly de-pends on manual survey.The present study took the tidal creek of Chuandong port in Jiangsu Province,China,as the research area and used UAV oblique photogrammetry to reconstruct the topography of the exposed part above the water after the ebb tide.It also proposed a Trend Prediction Fitting (TPF) method for the topography of the unexposed part below the water to obtain a complete 3D topography.The topography above the water measured by UAV has the vertical precision of 12 cm.When the TPF method is used,the cross-section should be perpendicular the central axis of the tidal creek.A polynomial function can be adapted to most shape of sections,while a Fourier function obtains better results in asym-metrical sections.Compared with the two-order function,the three-order function lends itself to more complex sections.Generally,the TPF method is more suitable for small,straight tidal creeks with clear texture and no vegetation cover.     

中国县域高龄人口地域分异特征及环境成因

以全国分县为基本研究单元,基于2000和2010年人口普查资料,依据高龄化系数将中国不同区域划分为未高龄化、浅度高龄化、中度高龄化和深度高龄化4个类型区,并探讨其空间上的地域分异规律。并选取5个自然环境指标,利用偏最小二乘法（PLS）,对高龄化水平区域差异的环境成因进行定量分析。结果表明：① 全国县域高龄化水平呈现“西疏东密”分布格局;高龄化系数三级阶梯状分布明显,平原、丘陵、盆地普遍高于山地及高原地区;由“凹”字型向“东西隆升、北端塌缩”格局演变。② 高龄人口空间集聚不断增强,区域间差异逐渐增大。③ 水文指数、气候指数是影响全国县域高龄人口集聚的主要因素;地形起伏度、空气质量指数对高龄人口分布影响不显著,对不同类型区影响差异显著;随着时间的推移,植被指数对高龄人口空间分布的影响趋强;社会经济因素对高龄人口分布具有扰动作用。     

区域雷电灾害风险评估模型与应用

在分析国内雷电灾害风险区划发展现状进行的基础上,从区域雷电灾害事前风险评估的角度出发,采用灾害评估的承灾体、致灾体模式,引入雷电风险、地域风险和承灾体风险作为评估指标,针对每个指标选取与其发生紧密度较高的参数作为2级评价标准,对区域雷电灾害风险进行基于事前致灾因子的区域雷电灾害风险评估研究,并以福建省为例,应用该模型进行了计算。结果表明,基于承灾体、致灾体模式的区域雷电灾害风险评估模型能较好地反应出区域雷电灾害发生的损失程度,对于行政区域范围的雷电灾害风险度区域与政府决策支持具有积极的指导意义。     

城乡文化信息流时空整合的理论体系构建

为了探寻城乡文化信息流的基本规律,将综合运用大数据思维和Petri网理论,通过“3S”集成技术以及State flow分析工具,旨在解决如何测度城乡文化信息的流态关系和构建时空整合模型两个科学问题。从“动态”的城乡文化“场域”视野出发,以城乡文化信息流的时空整合为研究对象,探索文化信息流对新城乡文化空间形成的影响,并研制出驱动机理和时空整合模式,初步构建现代城乡文化信息流的时空整合理论,力图为促进新文化地理学和信息社会学等多学科的交融发展创建新的理论菜单,为加快城乡文化一体化发展奠定理论基础,为中国城乡文化信息资源共享工程的可持续建设提供科学理论支撑。     

同位素丰度比^12C／^13C与恒星演化及其核过程

近２０年中在银河系及河外星系中同位素丰度比＾１２Ｃ／＾１３Ｃ的毫米波及光学观测取得了一些结果,同位素丰度比＾１２Ｃ／＾１３Ｃ在研究恒星演化及其核过程方面具有重要意义,银河系中的＾１２Ｃ／＾１３Ｃ随银心距ＤＧＣ呈梯度分布,附近河外星系中明显较高的＾１２Ｃ／＾１３Ｃ表明银河系中心处于一个较为宁静的物理相,恒星中不同的＾１２Ｃ／＾１３Ｃ值则反映了各自不同的演化阶段,进一步高精度,大样本的观测将有助于人们