Study on the rheology of subducting slabs

We calculate thermal and phase structures of subducting slabs for different subducting velocities by a modified coupling code of the kinetic phase-transformation equations and the heat-diffusion equation with latent-heat release. Whereafter, we estimate their rheology structures based on the thermal and phase structures from the mineral physical point of view. At shallow depth, the upper layer has a high effective viscosity greater than 10³⁴Pa · s; while the lower layer has a relatively low effective viscosity, which is greater than 10²⁶Pa · s nevertheless. The effective viscosities below the kinetic phase boundary of olivine to wadsleyite decrease obviously, and reach a minimum of 10²²Pa · s. Small areas with higher effective viscosities exist above the depth of about 700 km in subducting slabs, which are produced by lower temperatures that are related with endothermic phase transformation of spinel to perovskite and magnesiowustite. The 1% and 99% isograds of spinel proportion delineate tortuous belts with low effective viscosities, which would affect the geodynamic behavior of subducting slabs.     

Seismicity and stress state in the South China Sea, Indochina and their vicinity

The distribution of earthquakes from 1973 to 1982 in the South China Sea, Indochina and their vicinity was studied using the data from I. S. C. It was found that the earthquakes are mainly concentrated along the boundaries of plates. Beside, some of shallow eartqhuakes are distributed in west part of Burma and the boundary between Burma and China, a few of earthquakes occurred in South China Sea. The features of Benioff zone along the boundaries between India plate, Philippine Sea plate and Eurasia plate were studied. The plate do not coupled well under the Java trench and the Philippine trench. The subducted India plate under Burmese range, Andaman—Nicobar arc moves NNE. The fault plane solutions of earthquakes were studied using the first motions of P wave. The stress state on subduction zones and within the area were deduced from the fault plane solutions and the fault movement. It was found that the direction of principal compression axis of stress is in the NNE in west part of Burma, in S—N in south and middle part of Bruma and Thailand, and in NNE or S—N in the South China Sea. It was also found that the stress state has close relation with the interaction of plates. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 129–137, 1991.     

依兰-伊通断裂方正-萝北段氢气特征研究

为研究断裂与断层氢气间的关系，围绕依兰-伊通断裂方正-萝北段开展断层氢气浓度流动观测工作，得到该段断裂氢气浓度变化特征。结果表明:在时间尺度上，氢气浓度存在年变规律特征，主要受温度、湿度和微生物活动的影响，一年中夏季氢气浓度最高，春秋季最低；在空间尺度上，依兰-伊通断裂北段呈南低北高的分段性特征，氢气浓度高值地区对应地震活动较强的地区，低值地区对应地震活动较弱的地区，这与当前地震活动特征相符，说明断层氢气浓度与当前地震构造活动具有较好的耦合关系。     

Anomalies of Precursory Group and Grouped Strong Earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region

Three methods of extracting the information of anomalies of a precursory group are put forward, i.e., the mathematical analyses of the synthetic information of earthquake precursors(S), the inhomogeneous degree of precursory groups ( ID ) and the values of short-term and impending anomaly in near-source area (NS). Using these methods, we calculate the observational data of deformation, underground fluid and hydrochemical constituents obtained from different seismic stations in the Sichuan-Yunnan region and conclude that the synthetic precursory anomalies of a single strong earthquake with Ms6.0 differ greatly from those of the grouped strong earthquakes, for the anomalous information of precursory groups are more abundant. The three methods of extracting the synthetic precursory anomaly and the related numerical results can be applied into the practice of prediction to the grouped strong earthquakes in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Inhomogeneons degree (ID) of synthetic precursory anomaly can be identified automatically because it takes the threshold of distributive characteristics of the anomalies of precursory group as its criterion for anomaly.     

丽江7.0级大震前地震活动分形异常

该文提供１９９６年２月丽江７．０级大震前滇西北地震活动空间容量维、关联维、信息熵十分显著的异常图像；这些异常是在大震孕震区形成，应变释放加速阶段之后出现的，恰好揭示了源区、近源区大释放前的非线性变化过程。这与１９６５年以来云南及邻区８组大震前地震分形研究的结论完全一致；进一步说明地震活动分形异常对地震孕育阶段具有重要的指示意义。     

阿刀亥矿区CP2煤段粘土岩夹矸研究

内蒙大青山煤田ＣＰ２煤段含粘土岩夹矸多达４０余层。与上覆ＣＰ３砾岩段冲刷接触的煤段顶板和顶部粘土岩夹矸，为伊利石或伊利石－高岭石粘土岩。其下煤段中夹矸及底板为高岭石粘土岩，均发生了不同程度的铵云母化和一水硬铝石化。鳞片状、纤维状、条片状及晶粒假象铵云母沿粘土岩夹矸的节理裂隙呈脉状产出；微、细晶一水硬铝石沿碳质碎屑条带及富有机质的高岭石基质条带分布。这些特征表明，在有Ｋ＾＋离子带入的开放条件下，粘土     

Chloritization of the hydrothermally altered bedrock at the Igarapé Bahia gold deposit,Carajás,Brazil

The Igarapé Bahia gold deposit has developed from weathering of a near-vertical hydrothermal Cu (Au) mineralization zone. The unweathered bedrock composed of chlorite schists is mainly metamorphosed basalts, pyroclastic and clastic sedimentary rocks and iron formation. Contents and Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of chlorites increase from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone, which can be attributed to different water/rock ratios and locations in a hydrothermal system. In the hydrothermal system high salinity fluids convected through basin-floor rocks, stripping metals from the recharge zones with precipitation in discharge zones. The chlorite with lower Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios indicates alteration by relatively unreacted Mg-rich fluids, occurring within recharge zones. By contrast, the chlorite with higher Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios in the mineralization zone formed from solutions rich in Fe, Mn, Au, Cu, H₂S and SiO₂ within a discharge zone. The iron formation could also be formed within the discharge zone or on the basin floor from the Fe-rich fluids. The distal country rock with less chlorite content is a hydrothermal product at low water/rock ratios whereas the proximal country rock and the host rock with more chlorite content formed at high water/rock ratio conditions. The Al(IV) contents of chlorites indicate that the formation temperatures of these rocks range from 204 to 266 °C, with temperatures slightly increasing from distal country rock towards the mineralization zone.     

雪层内太阳的穿透辐射

雪层内太阳辐射能量的分布遵循朗伯定律。对于粒雪,当短波辐射的波长为0.4—1.1μ时,吸收系数的绝对值介于0.297—0.457cm~(-1)之间。不同的消光观测资料说明,吸收系数对于波长、雪深以及入射辐射强度具有选择性。此外,短波入射辐射强度值的86％左右将被0—5cm表层所吸收,仅约14％可以透入深层。穿透有效深度约20cm。     

辽宁宽甸、山东蓬莱幔源巨晶矿物中陨硫铁的研究

陨硫铁发现于山东、辽宁新生代碱性玄武岩所携带的幔源巨晶辉石等矿物中。两地的陨硫铁由于载体的巨晶辉石与碱性玄武岩之间曲混融程度不同,导致他们的稀土配分型式亦不同,即混融程度高,稀土配分型式复杂,混融程度低,则稀土配分型式与球粒陨石的配分型武相同。幔源陨硫铁以富镍为特征,并且是在特定的物理化学条件下生成的,即     

北太平洋海温与云的相互作用

本文通过相关分析,研究了北太平洋逐月海温与云量关系的季节变化。发现相关随地区及季节而异。赤道中太平洋地区全年均为正相关,这说明海洋对大气的影响在这里起主导作用;在加里福尼亚冷洋流区全年为一致的负相关,这说明大气对海洋的影响更重要;其他地区则表现为半年正相关,半年负相关。分析表明海温与云量的非同期关系可能主要是由于海温的持续性造成的。