Holocene permafrost history and cryostratigraphy in the High‐Arctic Adventdalen Valley,central Svalbard

This paper presents the history and cryostratigraphy of the upper permafrost in the High‐Arctic Adventdalen Valley, central Svalbard. Nineteen frozen sediment cores, up to 10.7 m long, obtained at five periglacial landforms, were analysed for cryostructures, ice, carbon and solute contents, and grain‐size distribution, and were ¹⁴C‐ and OSL‐dated. Spatial variability in ice and carbon contents is closely related to the sedimentary history and mode of permafrost aggradation. In the valley bottom, saline epigenetic permafrost with pore ice down to depths of 10.7 m depth formed in deltaic sediments since the mid‐Holocene; cryopegs were encountered below 6 m. In the top 1 to 5 m, syngenetic and quasi‐syngenetic permafrost with microlenticular, lenticular, suspended and organic‐matrix cryostructures developed due to loess and alluvial sedimentation since the colder late Holocene, which resulted in the burial of organic material. At the transition between deltaic sediments and loess, massive ice bodies occurred. A pingo developed where the deltaic sediments reached the surface. On hillslopes, suspended cryostructure on solifluction sheets indicates quasi‐syngenetic permafrost aggradation; lobes, in contrast, were ice‐poor. Suspended cryostructure in eluvial deposits reflects epigenetic or quasi‐syngenetic permafrost formation on a weathered bedrock plateau. Landform‐scale spatial variations in ground ice and carbon relate to variations in slope, sedimentation rate, moisture conditions and stratigraphy. Although the study reveals close links between Holocene landscape evolution and permafrost history, our results emphasize a large uncertainty in using terrain surface indicators to infer ground‐ice contents and upscale from core to landform scale in mountainous permafrost landscapes.     

A finite element model for seismic response analysis of deformable rocking frames

A new finite element model to analyze the seismic response of deformable rocking bodies and rocking structures is presented. The model comprises a set of beam elements to represent the rocking body and zero‐length fiber cross‐section elements at the ends of the rocking body to represent the rocking surfaces. The energy dissipation during rocking motion is modeled using a Hilber–Hughes–Taylor numerically dissipative time step integration scheme. The model is verified through correct prediction of the horizontal and vertical displacements of a rigid rocking block and validated against the analytical Housner model solution for the rocking response of rigid bodies subjected to ground motion excitation. The proposed model is augmented by a dissipative model of the ground under the rocking surface to facilitate modeling of the rocking response of deformable bodies and structures. The augmented model is used to compute the overturning and uplift rocking response spectra for a deformable rocking frame structure to symmetric and anti‐symmetric Ricker pulse ground motion excitation. It is found that the deformability of the columns of a rocking frame does not jeopardize its stability under Ricker pulse ground motion excitation. In fact, there are cases where a deformable rocking frame is more stable than its rigid counterpart. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

相空间重构在滑坡预测中的应用

针对滑坡位移时间序列的非线性特性,引入基于相空间重构和最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的预测法.利用Cao氏方法确定嵌入维数,根据互信息法计算最佳延迟时间;然后在相空间中,利用最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)建立预测模型,对滑坡进行了实证计算,且与LSSVM模型和BP神经网络模型进行了比较.结果表明,模型具有较高的精度...     

Stratigraphy of the Triassic?Jurassic Boundary Successions of the Southern Margin of the Junggar Basin, Northwestern China

The Triassic?Jurassic (Tr?J) boundary marks a major extinction event, which (~200 Ma) resulted in global extinctions of fauna and flora both in the marine and terrestrial realms. There prevail great challenges in determining the exact location of the terrestrial Tr?J boundary, because of endemism of taxa and the scarcity of fossils in terrestrial settings leading to difficulties in linking marine and terrestrial sedimentary successions. Investigation based on palynology and bivalves has been carried out over a 1113 m thick section, which is subdivided into 132 beds, along the Haojiagou valley on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin of the northern Xinjiang, northwestern China. The terrestrial Lower Jurassic is conformably resting on the Upper Triassic strata. The Upper Triassic covers the Huangshanjie Formation overlaid by the Haojiagou Formation, while the Lower Jurassic comprises the Badaowan Formation followed by the Sangonghe Formation. Fifty six pollen and spore taxa and one algal taxon were identified from the sediments. Based on the key-species and abundance of spores and pollen, three zones were erected: the Late Triassic (Rhaetian) Aratrisporites?Alisporites Assemblage, the Early Jurassic (Hettangian) Perinopollenites?Pinuspollenites Assemblage, and the Sinemurian Perinopollenites?Cycadopites Assemblage. The Tr?J boundary is placed between bed 44 and 45 coincident with the boundary between the Haojiagou and Badaowan formations. Beds with Ferganoconcha (?), Unio?Ferganoconcha and Waagenoperna?Yananoconcha bivalve assemblages are recognized. The Ferganoconcha (?) bed is limited to the upper Haojiagou Formation, Unio?Ferganoconcha and Waagenoperna?Yananoconcha assemblages are present in the middle and upper members of the Badaowan Formation. The sedimentary succession is interpreted as terrestrial with two mainly lake deposit intervals within Haojiagou and Badaowan formations, yielding fresh water algae and bivalves. However, the presence of brackish water algae Tasmanites and the marine?littoral facies bivalve Waagenoperna from the Badaowan Formation indicate that the Junggar Basin was influenced by sea water caused by transgressions from the northern Tethys, during the Sinemurian.     

基于立方体元的Shear - warp体绘制加速算法

大规模三维地震数据的直接体绘制,是一个计算和数据双重密集型问题.为了提高三维图像的重建效率,提出了一种基于立方体元的Shear- warp地震数据体绘制算法.该算法通过构建立方体元在相邻的体素点之间建立联系;然后根据地震数据的特征对体元进行分类,在绘制过程中通过二叉树索引,快速定位分类结果.通过索引结果,避免了对等值体...     

西秦岭天水地区李子园群变质火山岩的地球化学特征及其地质意义

西秦岭天水地区的早古生代李子园群为一套中浅变质的沉积-火山岩系。沉积岩系主要由变质碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成,火山岩系主要由变玄武岩、变玄武安山岩和变安山岩组成,包括岛弧型火山岩和玻安岩。岛弧型火山岩SiO2含量介于48.79%~54.64%之间,TiO2含量较低(0.29%~0.88%);稀土元素分布型式呈LREE略富集型,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Cs、Sr、Th、U,相对亏损Rb、K和高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、P、Sm、Ti和Y,具Nb负异常,类似于低钾岛弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性玄武岩特征。玻安岩具有中等的SiO2含量(53.59%~59.28%),低的TiO2含量(0.24%~0.48%);相对中等的MgO含量(4.90%~4.96%)、较低的CaO/Al2O3比值(0.39~0.54)和较高的Mg#值(0.54~0.58)、Al2O3/TiO2比值(33.88~64.29);同时具有较低的Ti/Zr比值(15~83)、V/Zr比值(2.18~8.35)和较高的Zr/Y比值(3.82~12.08),相对富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),特别是Rb、Ba、Th,而亏损高场强元素(HFSE),如Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Y、Yb,显示为亏损MREE的U型稀土元素分布型式。岛弧型火山岩和玻安岩的存在表明,李子园群及其中的中基性火山岩系形成于俯冲带之上的岛弧或弧前环境。     

缩短核磁共振测定冻土未冻水含量实验时间的方法

为利用核磁共振(NMR)技术更快地测试得到冻土中未冻水的含量, 首先对传统的单试样测试方法进行了分析, 探究了其实验时间过长的原因. 然后, 基于传热学中的集总参数法, 研究了小体积试样在空气中以自然对流传热为冷却方式的温度变化特征. 根据试样温度与时间的对应关系, 提出了多试样连续测试法. 最后, 以一种黏土为例, 分别利用多试样连续测试法和单试样测试法测量了土样冻结过程中NMR信号强度随温度变化的关系. 实验结果表明: 二者的测量结果非常接近, 但连续测试法耗费的时间非常少. 综合比较两种利用NMR技术所耗费的时间和实验结果的精确程度, 多试样连续测试法是可行的.     

西天山巨型金铜铅锌成矿带构造成矿演化和找矿方向

西天山产有Muruntau、Kumtor、Kalmakyr等巨型金矿床和Kalmakyr、Dal'neye等世界级铜矿床以及Tekeli等超大型铅锌矿床,构成世人瞩目的巨型金铜铅锌成矿带.新疆西天山金、铜、铅锌矿找矿面临重大突破,不断认识乌兹别克斯坦—吉尔吉斯斯坦—哈萨克斯坦东南部—中国新疆西部整个西天山的构造成矿过程,明确新疆西天山金、铜、铅锌矿重大找矿突破方向,预测大型矿集区十分必要.本文通过境内外野外地质矿产广泛调研和对相关文献综合研究,认为西天山造山带形成演化经历前寒武纪古陆边缘裂陷盆地、古生代洋-陆俯冲增生、晚古生代陆-陆碰撞造山、中—新生代坳陷盆地四个主要地质过程,造就出四类重要成矿系统和类型:①元古宙边缘裂陷盆地铅锌成矿系统SEDEX型;②古生代俯冲岛弧金铜铅锌成矿系统斑岩-矽卡岩-浅成低温热液型;③晚古生代碰撞造山金铅锌成矿系统造山型-MVT;④中—新生代坳陷盆地铅锌铜成矿系统砂岩型.综合对比西天山境内外成矿系统地质发育特点,预测新疆西天山那拉提-额尔宾中天山隆起带是造山型金矿找矿重大突破区,吐拉苏盆地和巴音布鲁克中天山以及那拉提山北坡有望实现斑岩型金铜找矿突破,伊犁地块南缘元古宇SEDEX型铅锌找矿值得关注,山间/山前盆地无疑是砂岩型铅锌铜找矿优先选择.