Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

大菱鲆胃质子泵(H~+/K~+ ATPase)与消化机能发生的关系

胃质子泵(H+/K+ATPase)是胃酸分泌的关键酶。本试验采用RACE和PCR方法从大菱鲆的胃组织中提取RNA克隆得到了H+/K+ATPaseα亚基cDNA全长序列。结果表明:大菱鲆H+/K+ATPaseα亚基序列全长3467 bp,开放阅读框为2964 bp,编码988个氨基酸。与GenBank上其它物种比对发现,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPaseα亚基与斑鳜同源性最高,为89%。进化树分析发现,H+/K+ATPase在进化上具有物种特异性。经RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR检测,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase在胚胎孵化后22d开始表达,晚于大菱鲆胃腺出现的时间(16 d),说明大菱鲆胃腺的发育完成并不代表胃功能的完善。另外,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase除了在胃中大量表达之外,在食道中的表达量也很高。结合组织学观察,作者认为,大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase在食道中大量表达是因为在发育上食道是胃的前体,因此保留了分泌H+/K+ATPase的能力。同时通过整体原位杂交试验表明:大菱鲆H+/K+ATPase会首先在食道的末端和胃的贲门处表达。本研究为进一步了解海水鱼类的消化机制提供了理论基础。     

青岛中港海水全浸初期不锈钢表面生物膜的细菌多样性分析

为了研究全浸15天不锈钢表面生物膜的形成情况,首先采用SEM及荧光显微镜进行观察,显示全浸15天不锈钢表面已有大量微生物及其腐蚀产物附着,表明其表面生物膜已经形成;进一步通过EDS对不锈钢表面进行元素分析,发现实海全浸15天的316L不锈钢表面出现了大量组成生物体的C、P等基本元素,并且还出现了不锈钢基体中所不存在而存在于生物膜及其代谢产物中O等元素,进一步证明了不锈钢表面生物膜的形成。采用16S rRNA基因结合PCR-RFLP技术分析手段对实海全浸15天的316L不锈钢表面生物膜细菌群落的多样性进行了研究,发现316L不锈钢表面附着细菌的OTU数为24,分别属于变形菌门和拟杆菌门,其中α-变形菌的OTU数是18,占总克隆数的72.3%,为绝对优势种群。     

桃花水母的核糖体RNA基因ITS区序列分析及物种鉴定

利用PCR扩增和DNA测序技术,获得了青岛野外采集到的桃花水母(Craspedacusta)核糖体RNA基因ITS区序列。序列比对以及系统进化分析显示,在青岛采集到的桃花水母与索氏桃花水母(Craspedacusta sowerbyi)的ITS区序列相似度最高,同源性在93%以上;同时,在系统发育树中也与索氏桃花水母聚为一支。研究结果表明,青岛采集到的桃花水母为索氏桃花水母,这也是青岛地区桃花水母的新记录。     

皖中沙湖山金多金属矿床特征及找矿潜力分析

根据斑岩型铜矿成矿系列理论,沙溪斑岩型铜金矿床外围可能存在浅成中低温热液金银铅锌矿。近年在沙湖山地区已发现小型破碎蚀变岩型脉状金铅锌多金属矿床。通过对沙湖山地区成矿地质背景、矿区及矿床地质、地球物理和地球化学特征综合研究、分析,认为沙湖山地区具有较好的寻找浅成中低温热液金银铅锌矿的潜力。     

新型非黏结柔性管接头的设计和分析研究

针对传统非黏结柔性管接头安装时,由外管套扣压变形而引起的接头排气孔变形问题,研制了新型非黏结柔性管接头,不仅避免了排气孔的变形,而且提高了排气孔处的结构强度。运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件对管接头的扣压过程进行仿真分析,通过对比分析结果,验证了新型管接头的结构设计合理有效,从而为非黏结柔性管接头设计提供技术参考。     

全国地球化学基准网建立与土壤地球化学基准值特征

全球一致性和权威性地球化学观测数据是资源与环境评价的定量标尺。中国实施的"全国地球化学基准计划"作为"全球地球化学基准计划"的一部分,于2008—2014年实施,建立了覆盖全国的地球化学基准网。按照1∶20万图幅为网格单元,在全国1600个网格单元中,共部署3382个汇水域采样基准点,每个基准点同时采集了表层和深层土壤样品,共计采集6617件样品,使用高精度分析技术和严格的质量控制,分析了81个地球化学指标。本文首次给出了全国土壤81个指标地球化学基准值数据,初步阐释了地球化学基准值数据和空间分布特征与地质背景、成矿作用、表生作用以及人类活动的关系。     

山东邹平王家庄铜矿铀及铂族元素矿物的发现及地质意义

邹平王家庄铜矿是山东重要的斑岩型铜(钼)矿床,产于中生代陆相火山岩盆地中,矿石物质组分复杂,以富含硫砷铜矿为特征,并伴有金矿化。通过显微镜下详细的矿石物质组分研究,结合电子探针微区分析、扫描电镜及能谱分析等测试技术,在矿石中新发现了铀矿物及铂族元素矿物(PGM)。测试结果表明,铀矿物为铜砷铀云母,与孔雀石等铜的氧化物一起分布于矿体氧化带中;PGM为碲钯矿、黄碲铋钯矿等钯的碲化物,包裹于针硫铋铅矿中,粒度较小,成分复杂。结合矿床地球化学资料,讨论了成矿物质来源及铂族元素(PGE)和U的迁移富集机制。认为成矿物质来源于地幔,矿床成因与地幔上隆、地壳减薄及深断裂活动有关。岩浆期后产生的富含金属络合物的高盐度热液对PGE和U的迁移富集起重要作用,隐爆作用造成的剧烈温压降低及气体散失、络合物分解是矿质聚集沉淀的重要条件。