Structural-metamorphic evolution of the Southern Yenisey Range of Eastern Siberia: implications for the emplacement of the Kanskiy granulite Complex

Summary ?The Southern Yenisey Range of Eastern Siberia consists of the granulite facies Kanskiy Complex bordered in the west by the lower-grade Yeniseyskiy and Yukseevskiy Complexes. Three deformational events were recognized in each of the three complexes along the Yenisey River cross-section: a D1 fabric forming event, a D2 shear and folding event, and a D3 shear event. Thrust kinematics across the Southern Yenisey Range suggest that during the D2 event the Kanskiy Complex was thrusted along a regional ductile shear zone onto the lower-grade complexes. This resulted in shearing and folding as well as the development of a dynamic metamorphic zonation. In the low-grade greenstone belt part of the cross section (Yukseevskiy complex) D2 shearing is associated with peak prograde (T ∼ 660 °C and P ∼ 5.8 kbar) metamorphism. The retrograde P-T path of the Yukseevskiy Complex coincides with minimum T of the near-isobaric cooling P-T paths for the adjacent granulites of the Kanskiy Complex (Perchuk et al., 1989). The metamorphism can therefore be attributed to deformation and heat transfer caused by exhumation of the Kanskiy Complex in the time period 2000–1800 Ma which also defines the most significant tectono-thermal event in the Southern Yenisey Range. The tectono-metamorphic pattern and evolution of the low- to high-grade metamorphic complexes of the Southern Yenisey Range is very similar to that described for the ∼ 2600 Ma Limpopo Complex of Southern Africa and the ∼ 1900 Ma Lapland Complex of the Kola Peninsula. Similar geodynamic processes were therefore possibly responsible for the formation of these high-grade terrains suggesting that their formation is linked to a general geodynamic model.

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Zusammenfassung ?Strukturelle und metamorphe Entwicklung des südlichen Jenissei-Gebirges in Ost-Sibirien: Bedeutung für die Platznahme des Kanskiy Granulit-Komplexes Das südliche Jenissei-Gebirge in Ost-Sibirien besteht aus dem granulit-faziellen Kanskiy Komplex, der im Westen durch die niedrig-gradigen Jenisseiski und Jukseevski-Komplexe begrenzt wird. Drei Deformations-Phasen k?nnen in jedem der drei Komplexe l?ngs eines Profiles am Jenissei-Fluss beobachtet werden: Eine Phase, die zur Entwicklung des D1 Gefüges führte, eine Phase D2 mit Scher- und Faltvorg?ngen und eine D3 Scher-Phase. Die Kinematik von überschiebungen über das südliche Jenissei-Gebirge deuten an, dass w?hrend der D2-Phase der Kanskiy-Komplex l?ngs einer regionalen duktilen Scherzone auf die niedriggradigeren Komplexe überschoben wurde. Dies führte zu Scherung und Faltung, sowie zur Entwicklung einer dynamischen metamorphen Zonierung. In dem niedriggradigen Grünsteingürtel innerhalb des Profils (Jukseevski-Komplex) ist D2-Scherung mit dem H?hepunkt der prograden Metamorphose (T ≈ 660 °C und P ≈ 5,8 kbar) zusammengefallen. Der retrograde P-T-Pfad des Jukseevski-Komplexes f?llt mit der Minimum-Temperatur der fast isobaren Abkühlung der P-T-Pfade für die benachbarten Granulite des Kanskiy-Komplexes zusammen (Perchuk et al., 1989). Die Metamorphose kann deshalb auf Deformation und W?rmefluss zurückgeführt werden, die durch die Freilegung des Kanskiy-Komplexes zwischen 2.00 und 1.80 Ma verursacht wurde; letztere f?llt auch mit der wichtigsten tektono-thermalen Phase im südlichen Jenissei-Gebirge zusammen. Das tektono-metamorphe Muster und die Entwicklung von niedrig- zu hochgradigen metamorphen Komplexen des südlichen Jenissei-Gebirges ?hnelt in vielf?ltiger Weise dem ungef?hr 2.600 Ma alten Limpopo-Komplex im südlichen Afrika und dem 1.900 Ma alten Lappland-Komplex der Kola-Halbinsel. ?hnliche geodynamische Prozesse waren deshalb m?glicherweise für die Entstehung dieser hochgradig metamorphen Terrains verantwortlich; dies wiederum weist darauf hin, dass ihre Entstehung einem allgemeinen geodynamischen Modell entspricht.

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Received April 27, 1999;/revised version accepted July 14, 1999     

Climate change policy responses for Canada's Inuit population: The importance of and opportunities for adaptation

We identify and examine how policy intervention can help Canada's Inuit population adapt to climate change. The policy responses are based on an understanding of the determinants of vulnerability identified in research conducted with 15 Inuit communities. A consistent approach was used in each case study where vulnerability is conceptualized as a function of exposure-sensitivity to climatic risks and adaptive capacity to deal with those risks. This conceptualization focuses on the biophysical and human determinants of vulnerability and how they are influenced by processes and conditions operating at multiple spatial-temporal scales. Case studies involved close collaboration with community members and policy makers to identify conditions to which each community is currently vulnerable, characterize the factors that shape vulnerability and how they have changed over time, identify opportunities for adaptation policy, and examine how adaptation can be mainstreamed. Fieldwork, conducted between 2006 and 2009, included 443 semi-structured interviews, 20 focus groups/community workshops, and 65 interviews with policy makers at local, regional, and national levels. Synthesizing findings consistent across the case studies we document significant vulnerabilities, a function of socio-economic stresses and change, continuing and pervasive inequality, and magnitude of climate change. Nevertheless, adaptations are available, feasible, and Inuit have considerable adaptive capacity. Realizing this adaptive capacity and overcoming adaptation barriers requires policy intervention to: (i) support the teaching and transmission of environmental knowledge and land skills, (ii) enhance and review emergency management capability, (iii) ensure the flexibility of resource management regimes, (iv) provide economic support to facilitate adaptation for groups with limited household income, (v) increase research effort to identify short and long term risk factors and adaptive response options, (vi) protect key infrastructure, and (vii) promote awareness of climate change impacts and adaptation among policy makers.     

A giant catastrophic mud‐and‐debris flow in the Miocene Makran

We challenge the former interpretation of the ‘sedimentary mélange’ of the Makran accretionary complex as a tectonic mélange diapirically emplaced from below and provide evidence for its sedimentary gravitational emplacement from the north during Tortonian–Messinian times (between 11.8 and 5.8 Ma). It is an olistostrome that includes blocks of ophiolites and oceanic sediments derived from the ‘coloured mélange’ to the north, and reworked chunks of the turbidites on which it rests with an erosional truncation. The chaotic scattering of blocks of any size and lithology and the weak, soft‐sediment deformation of the matrix argue against a tectonic emplacement of the chaotic formation. Its size and internal structure, together with the size of the individual blocks, make the olistostrome a fossil equivalent of the large, gravitationally emplaced debris flows observed along present‐day continental margins and unstable volcanic edifices.     

COVARIANCE METHODS FOR SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS

Geographers have adopted a variety of approaches to the analysis of variations in phenomena over space and through time. Investigations of spatio-temporal problems using linear models commonly assume that relationships among variables are stable, either among the spatial units employed or over the time points with which the analysis is concerned. Covariance procedures provide a convenient means for examining the spatial and temporal variability of relationships embodied in such models. In this article an empirical example of employment in agriculture demonstrates the application of the methods.     

Coral recruitment and potential recovery of eutrophied and blast fishing impacted reefs in Spermonde Archipelago,Indonesia

Coral recruitment was assessed in highly diverse and economically important Spermonde Archipelago, a reef system subjected to land-based sources of siltation/pollution and destructive fishing, over a period of 2 years. Recruitment on settlement tiles reached up to 705 spat m⁻² yr⁻¹ and was strongest in the dry season (July–October), except off-shore, where larvae settled earlier. Pocilloporidae dominated near-shore, while a more diverse community of Acroporidae, Poritidae and others settled in the less polluted mid-shelf and off-shore reefs. Non-coral fouling community appeared to hardly influence initial coral settlement on the tiles, although, this does not necessarily infer low coral post-settlement mortality, which may be enhanced at the near- and off-shore reefs as indicated by increased abundances of potential space competitors on natural substrate. Blast fishing showed no local reduction in coral recruitment and live hard coral cover increased in oligotrophic reefs, indicating potential for coral recovery, if managed effectively.     

Probable late Messinian tsunamiites near Monte Dei Corvi, Italy, and the Nijar Basin, Spain: expected architecture of offshore tsunami deposits

Three distinct, 30- to 80-cm-thick, graded, multilayered, coarse-grained sandstone layers, intercalated in the late Messinian mudstones of the Colombacci formation in Lago Mare facies of the Trave section are interpreted as tsunamiites (Ts1?CTs3). Each of these layers is sheet-like and could be followed along strike over several tens of meters. The lower two layers (Ts1?CTs2) occur in the lower part of the Colombacci formation and the third (Ts3) just below a conspicuous white ??colombacci?? limestone near the top of the formation. The three sandstone layers represent unique sedimentary events within the 120-m-thick San Donato-Colombacci mudstones, which contain many thin, fine-grained, possibly storm-related turbidites. Each of the three clastic layers is overall graded and strongly cross-bedded. A single layer consists of a stack of several graded sublayers that are eroded into the underlying mudstones and into each other. Absence of hummocky cross-stratification (HCS) indicates that the layers are not produced during a large, catastrophic storm event. Current ripples such as dm-sized trough cross-beds suggest strong, prolonged, unidirectional currents, capable of carrying coarse conglomeratic sands. Climbing ripples in middle-fine sand units indicate a high suspension load settling under waning current strength. Each of the Ts1?CTs3 beds satisfies a combination of criteria, described in this paper, that allow interpretation as a tsunamiite in an offshore environment. Tsunamiite Ts2 is underlain by a 15-cm-thick meshwork of synsedimentary fissures, filled with coarse sand. Ground movements induced by strong earthquakes probably caused these crevasses. The uniqueness of each layer, the erosion of the base of each of the sublayers into underlying mudstones and previously deposited sublayer and the consistent stacking of graded sandstone beds within each of the three layers, underlain by earthquake-produced fissures, strongly point to deposition by traction currents produced by the surges of a large tsunami event, triggered by a large vertical fault movements. Vertical fault displacements most likely occurred along the thrust faults like the Sibilline thrust at the SW of the Laga foreland basin, which were active at late Messinian times. A series of cyclic graded turbidites, underlain by seismically induced sand-filled fissures in the Late Messinian Feos formation in SE Spain, are interpreted as tsunamiites produced by a tsunami or seiche.     

Probing the circumstellar structures of T Tauri stars and their relationship to those of Herbig stars

We present Hα spectropolarimetry observations of a sample of 10 bright T Tauri stars, supplemented with new Herbig Ae/Be star data. A change in the linear polarization across Hα is detected in most of the T Tauri (9/10) and Herbig Ae (9/11) objects, which we interpret in terms of a compact source of line photons that is scattered off a rotating accretion disc. We find consistency between the position angle (PA) of the polarization and those of imaged disc PAs from infrared and millimetre imaging and interferometry studies, probing much larger scales. For the Herbig Ae stars AB Aur, MWC 480 and CQ Tau, we find the polarization PA to be perpendicular to the imaged disc, which is expected for single scattering. On the other hand, the polarization PA aligns with the outer disc PA for the T Tauri stars DR Tau and SU Aur and FU Ori, conforming to the case of multiple scattering. This difference can be explained if the inner discs of Herbig Ae stars are optically thin, whilst those around our T Tauri stars and FU Ori are optically thick. Furthermore, we develop a novel technique that combines known inclination angles and our recent Monte Carlo models to constrain the inner rim sizes of SU Aur, GW Ori, AB Aur and CQ Tau. Finally, we consider the connection of the inner disc structure with the orientation of the magnetic field in the foreground interstellar medium: for FU Ori and DR Tau, we infer an alignment of the stellar axis and the larger magnetic field direction.     

PUBLIC POLICY ASSESSMENT: EVALUATING OBJECTIVES OF RESOURCE POLICIES*

Evaluations of a variety of types are increasingly being incorporated into the process of public policy formulation. A conventional role of evaluation has been to assess expected or actual consequences of policy strategies relative to policy objectives. This paper describes an additional type of evaluation in which policy objectives are assessed relative to perceived resource use policy problems. This type of evaluation is applicable to a wide range of policy issues at various scales.