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851.
Accumulation of heavy metals in wild commercial fish from the Baotou Urban Section of the Yellow River,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this work we studied the accumulation of heavy metals in nine species of fish with different life and feeding habitats
which are native and major commercial fish in the Baotou Urban Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the concentration
of heavy metals was significantly dependent on fish species; the pollution index of heavy metals in different species were
ranked as Hemiculter leucisclus > Carassius auratus auratus > Hemibarbus maculatus > Megalobrama amblycephala > Abbottina rivularis > Cyprinus carpio > Squaliobarbus curriculus > Perccottus glehni > Saurogobio dabryi. Product–moment correlation coefficients among the metal pairs Pb–Zn, Cu–Cd, Cu–Zn, Cu–Pb, Pb–Cd, and Zn–Cd revealed there
was no competitions between metals in each tissue. Correlations between heavy metal concentrations and fish length or weight
indicated that accumulation of the heavy metals by the different fish species was related to their surrounding environments
and their life and feeding habitats. According to the mean bioconcentration factors (BCFs), the heavy metal concentrations
in these nine species were ranked Zn ≫ Cu > Cd ≈ Pb. In this work, the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were developed by using
the sum of exchangeable and bound-to-carbonate heavy metals as Cs values. It was found that BAFs better reveal the accumulation
characteristics of the heavy metals in the fish, which might provide an effective method for assessing bioaccumulation of
heavy metals. 相似文献
852.
Optical characterization of CDOM in a marsh-influenced environment in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Lei Gao Daidu Fan Chengxing Sun Daoji Li Jingong Cai 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(3):643-658
To elucidate the influence of tidal marshes on the amount and chemical structure of chromophoric dissolved organic matter
(CDOM) in adjacent coastal waters, surface water samples were collected along three cross-marsh transects in tidal marshes
within the Changjiang Estuary. In addition, three sediment cores were collected from the marshes and incubated for 10 h in
the laboratory after adding overlying tidal waters. Nutrients, DOC, absorption, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM)
spectroscopy, and other parameters were measured in these samples, which clearly illustrated releases by the tidal marshes
of DOC, and CDOM absorbent and fluorescent molecules. To characterize the chemical nature of the marsh-derived CDOM, variations
in a suite of optical indices (including molar absorptivity, absorption spectral slope, fluorescence quantum yield, and fluorescence
ratios between certain excitation/emission locations) in these samples were plotted against the offshore distance of the stations
as well as the incubation time. From the literature, it has been suggested that these variations are closely associated with
molecular weight, aromaticity, and humic/fulvic or allochthonous/autochthonous ratios in the CDOM mixtures. This study showed
that the CDOM fluorophores changed to more humic-like and were less protein-like from sea to land across the marsh gradients.
Furthermore, subtractions between EEM spectra before and after laboratory incubations were applied to illustrate in greater
detail the properties of the pure fluorescent compounds exchanged at the sediment–overlying water interface. 相似文献
853.
Fan Yang Guangxin Zhang Xiongrui Yin Zhijun Liu Zhigang Huang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,64(8):2119-2126
The objective of this study was to develop an empirical equation for estimating the capillary rise in the saline-sodic soil
area of Songnen Plain in China based on the Averianov formula. The capillary rise was observed under five controlled groundwater
levels by lysimeters. Field experiment results indicated that capillary rise had close relationship with the groundwater table
depth, soil moisture of 10–40 cm soil layer and leaf area index. These factors have been taken into account to develop the
empirical equation for capillary rise simulation. The model parameters for Songnen Plain were derived by Levenberg–Marquardt
and global optimization calculating method. The modeled capillary rise has a good agreement with the observed data (r
2 = 0.875). With the simulation model, the critical water table depth was identified as 2.5 m, indicating that soil secondary
salinization will not occur when the water table depth is deeper than 2.5 m. Therefore, in the irrigation areas, groundwater
table depth should be controlled to be higher than 2.5 m to prevent the occurrence of soil secondary salinization. The results
from this research will provide useful information for the water sources management and soil secondary salinization control
in Songnen Plain of China, one of the most serious saline-affected areas in the world. 相似文献
854.
Seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport through the southern Bohai Strait 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Naishuang Bi Zuosheng Yang Houjie Wang Dejiang Fan Xiaoxia Sun Kun Lei 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2011
Based on field observations made in winter 2006 and summer 2007 and on multiscene MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) imagery, the seasonal variation of suspended-sediment transport in the southern Bohai Strait and its possible mechanisms are examined. The field observations in two different seasons allow an exponential empirical model to be used to retrieve suspended-sediment concentration (SSC) from MODIS imagery. Both the field-survey data and the MODIS-derived SSC show that the sediment transport in the southern Bohai Strait has a significant seasonal variation due to the seasonally varying thermohaline structure of the water column and the hydrodynamics resulting from the seasonally alternating monsoons. The SSC in winter is approximately 3–10 times higher than in summer. Considering the seasonal variation of water flux (WF) and SSC, the annual sediment flux (SSF) through the southern Bohai Strait is estimated to be approximately 40.0 Mt yr−1, about 4–8 times previous estimates, which did not take into account seasonal variation. Although the Huanghe (Yellow River) discharges a large amount of sediment in the summer, the SSF through the southern Bohai Strait in the winter (∼32.0 Mt) is about 4 times greater than it is in the summer. The strong seasonal variability of SSF through the southern Bohai Strait indicates that strong resuspension along the coast of the Huanghe delta in winter and enhanced longshore transport by coastal currents due to winter monsoon activity might be the major mechanisms of cross-strait transport of sediment in winter. 相似文献
855.
Shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR imagery 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kaiguo Fan Weigen Huang Hui Lin Jiayi Pan Bin Fu Yanzhen Gu 《Journal of Oceanography》2011,67(4):405-413
Based on shallow water bathymetry synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging mechanism and the microwave scattering imaging model
for oceanic surface features, we developed a new method for shallow water depth retrieval from space-borne SAR images. The
first guess of surface currents and winds are estimated from the normalized radar crossing section (NRCS) profile of shallow
water bathymetry SAR imagery, according to the linear theory and geophysical model function. The NRCS profile is then simulated
by the microwave scattering imaging model. Both the surface currents and winds are adjusted by using the dichotomy method
step by step to make the M4S-simulated NRCS profiles approach those observed by SAR. Then, the surface currents and the wind
speeds are retrieved when a best fit between simulated signals and the SAR image appears. Finally, water depths are derived
using the Navier–Stokes equation and finite difference method with the best estimated currents and the surface winds. The
method is tested on two SAR images of the Taiwan Shoal. Results show that the simulated shallow water NRCS profile is in good
agreement with those measured by SAR with the correlation coefficient as high as 85%. In addition, when water depths retrieved
from the SAR image are compared with in situ measurements, both the root mean square and relative error are less than 3.0 m
and 6.5%, respectively, indicating that SAR images are useful for shallow water depth retrieval and suggesting that the proposed
method in this paper is convergent and applicable. 相似文献
856.
A new ketosteroid, along with six known steroids, was isolated from the ethanolic extracts of red alga Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl.) Boergesen. The structures, identified using chemical and spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR, were: (1) 22-hydroxy-5α-cholest-3,6-dione, (2) 6-hydroxycholest-4-ene-3-one, (3) cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione, (4) cholest-5-ene-3β-ol, (5) 5α-cholestane-3,6-dione, (6) β-Sitosterol and (7) Saringosterol. The MTT method was used to test the cytotoxicity of the compounds against the human cancer cell lines, HCT-8, Bel-7402, BGC-823, A549 and HELA. Compounds 1, 2, 3 and 5 showed moderate cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. 相似文献
857.
"西边界潜流(WBUC)"是海洋环流中的重要现象,与表层环流相比,对次表层潜流的结构认识不足。本文利用SODA、OFES和ARGO资料,分析了北太平洋中的棉兰老潜流(MUC)和吕宋潜流(LUC)、南太平洋中的大堡礁潜流(GBRUC)和东澳大利亚潜流(EAUC)及南印度洋中的阿加勒斯潜流(AUC)的气候态空间分布特征,并且根据地转流反向的判据,分析WBUC的发生条件。 相似文献
858.
Fasong Yuan Yongwei Sheng Tandong Yao Chaojun Fan Junli Li Hui Zhao Yanbin Lei 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2011,46(2):291-307
Stable isotopes (δ18O and δD) are useful tracers for investigating hydrologic and climatic variability on a variety of temporal and spatial scales.
Since the early isotopic studies on mountainous glaciers in the late 1960s, a great deal of information has been generated
on the isotopic composition of rainfall, snow, ice, surface waters, and lake carbonate sediments across the Tibetan Plateau.
However, measurements of δ18O and δD values of lake water are scarce. Here we present a new dataset of δ18O and δD values of lake waters collected from 27 lakes across the plateau during a reconnaissance survey in summer 2009. δ18O and δD values of lake water range from −19.9 to 6.6‰ and from −153 to −16‰, respectively. The average values of δ18O and δD are −6.4 and −72‰, considerably greater than those of precipitation observed in this region. The derived Tibetan
lake water line, δD = 5.2δ18O − 38.9, is significantly different from the global meteoric water line. Most of the lakes, including some freshwater lakes,
contain water with negative values of d-excess (d). There is a negative correlation between d and total dissolved solids (TDS). Each of these findings indicates that evaporation-induced isotopic enrichment prevails
in Tibetan lakes. Moreover, we develop an isotope modeling scheme to calculate E/P ratios for Tibetan lakes, using a combination
of existing isotopic fractionation equations and the Rayleigh distillation model. We use the intersection of the local evaporation
line and GMWL as a first approximation of δ18O and δD values of lake water inputs to infer an E/P ratio for each lake. Our modeling calculations reveal that although variable
from lake to lake, the water budget across the plateau is positive, with an average E/P of 0.52. This is in good agreement
with other observational and model data that show varying degrees of increases in lake size from satellite imagery and significant
decreases in lake salinity in many lakes on the plateau over the last several decades. Together with the new isotopic dataset,
the proposed modeling framework can be used to examine and quantify past changes in a lake’s hydrologic balance from the isotopic
record of downcore carbonate sediments in the region. 相似文献
859.
宗教空间的变化能反映出宗教文化景观与地理环境相互作用所彰显的社会文化空间意涵.通过文献分析,对清代佛山镇“万真观”向“城隍庙”空间变化的现象进行研究,并揭示其变化所意涵的城市发展和社会文化意义.研究表明,从清代佛山镇万真观到城隍庙的宗教空间变化,折射了佛山镇由“乡村”到“城市”空间意义的转变,这种变化不仅是城市经济繁荣、人口激增的推动,更与行政治所诉求和“城市”身份的认同有密切关系,而且佛山城隍庙的“草根性”还凸显了清代佛山镇的政权、族权和神权的社会特征. 相似文献
860.
城市景观公园对城市热岛调控效应分析——以哈尔滨市为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用哈尔滨市2007年9月30日Landsat TM数据,基于哈尔滨市地表温度反演结果,对城市公园对热岛效应的影响进行了分析。研究结果表明:哈尔滨市主城区热岛效应明显,高温区呈现集中分布,市区内的公园在高温区域内形成明显的热岛空洞;公园对周围区域降温作用明显,降温效应随距离增加呈递减趋势;在公园周围120 m范围内,不同面积的公园对周围环境温度影响存在明显差异,不同缓冲带的降温幅度存在极显著差异;公园面积和内部平均温度呈显著负相关,即公园面积越大,内部平均温度越低,反之亦然,二者存在显著的回归关系,因此可以通过设计不同面积公园,以实现城市高温区降温效应。研究表明一个大的景观公园的降温效应要强于总面积相等的多个小公园的降温效应。 相似文献