分量应变和体应变可靠性检验及特殊事件影响对比分析

对泰安台不同类型钻孔应变仪的产出资料进行研究,分析分量应变仪的自检可靠性及其与体应变资料的相关性,以及在抽水干扰情况下的相关性。RZB-3仪两组互相正交的分量应变之和S1+S3、S2+S4的自检相关性达到0.999 9,其与体应变的相关性达到0.998以上。但在抽水干扰情况下,S1+S3、S2+S4自检相关性及与体应变的相关性均较差。     

利用人工神经网络方法对牙形石鉴定中若干“模糊特征”的数字化研究

牙形石是一类在地层学研究中具有重要意义的古生物化石。但由于牙形石鉴定中存在诸多重要、却难以定量分析的“模糊特征”,使得牙形石的鉴定和分类工作长期依赖于古生物工作者的经验。利用数学中的非线性方程将这些“模糊特征”进行数学描述,并利用人工神经网络中的反向传播算法设计出一套多隐含层的前馈网络分类器,对这些“模糊特征”进行分类尝试,取得了良好的效果,为牙形石的进一步数值化研究奠定了基础。     

The characteristics of shear wave splitting in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake

Using seismic data of the aftershocks sequence of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake recorded by seismic temporary and permanent stations in the source region, with the visual inspection of particle motion diagrams, this paper preliminarily contains the polarization directions of fast shear wave and the time-delays of split shear waves at every station, and analyzes the crustal anisotropic characteristics in the source region. In the study area, the polarization direc- tions at stations BAX, TQU, L 132, L 133, L 134, and L 135 are northeast, which is consistent with the strike of Dachuan- Shuangshi fault. There are two polarization directions at MDS and L131, which are northeast and southeast. The scatter of polarization directions suggests the complex stress field around these two stations where two faults intersect. For the normalized time-delays at every station, the range is 1.02-8.64 ms/km. The largest time-delay is from L134 which is closest to the mainshock, and the smallest one is from L133. The variations in time-delays show the decreasing at stations BAX, L134, and L135 because of the stress-relaxation after earthquake.     

Consolidation of sediments discharged from the Yellow River: implications for sediment erodibility

Consolidation processes acting on an intertidal mudflat in the Yellow River delta, China, were investigated using field and laboratory experiments. The dissipation of excess pore pressure was examined in an excavated experimental plot to characterise the short-term consolidation of sediments discharged from the Yellow River. Changes in sediment strength were monitored over a 5-year period, together with measurements of physical and mechanical properties using laboratory experiments. In addition, the erodibility of silty sediments under wave loading conditions was also tested in the field. Results showed that sediments discharged from the Yellow River experienced a high rate of consolidation after initial deposition. Excess pore pressure dissipated completely after approximately 45 to 51 h. Sediments were then in a state of quasi-overconsolidation and showed heterogeneity in strength. Hydrodynamic action appears to be crucial to sediment consolidation in the primary period and plays a decisive role in the development of a stiff stratum. Changes in sediment strength due to wave-induced secondary modifications over varying temporal and spatial scales are consistent with variations in sediment erodibility. This factor should be considered in the development of erosion models for intertidal mudflat sediments.     

Overlapped rectangle image representation and its application to exact legendre moments computation

Linear quadtree is a popular image representation method due to its convenient imaging procedure. However, the excessive emphasis on the symmetry of segmentation, i.e. dividing repeatedly a square into four equal sub-squares, makes linear quadtree not an optimal representation. In this paper, a no-loss image representation, referred to as Overlapped Rectangle Image Representation (ORIR), is presented to support fast image operations such as Legendre moments computation. The ORIR doesn’t importune the symmetry of segmentation, and it is capable of representing, by using an identical rectangle, the information of the pixels which are not even adjacent to each other in the sense of 4-neighbor and 8-neighbor. Hence, compared with the linear quadtree, the ORIR significantly reduces the number of rectangles required to represent an image. Based on the ORIR, an algorithm for exact Legendre moments computation is presented. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the ORIR-based algorithm for exact Legendre moments computation is faster than the conventional exact algorithms.     

The decision of the optimal parameters in Markov random fields of images by genetic algorithm

This paper introduces the principle of genetic algorithm and the basic method of solving Markov random field parameters. Focusing on the shortcomings in present methods, a new method based on genetic algorithms is proposed to solve the parameters in the Markov random field. The detailed procedure is discussed. On the basis of the parameters solved by genetic algorithms, some experiments on classification of aerial images are given. Experimental results show that the proposed method is effective and the classification results are satisfactory.     

The increasing predominance of extreme precipitation in Southwest China since the late 1970s

Extreme precipitation events cause severe environmental and societal damage worldwide. Southwest China (SWC) is sensitive to such effects because of its overpopulation, underdevelopment, and fragile ecosystems. Using daily observations from 108 rain-gauge stations, the authors investigated the frequency of extreme precipitation events and their contribution to total precipitation in SWC since the late 1970s. Results indicate that total precipitation is decreasing insignificantly, but rainfall-events frequency is decreasing significantly, whereas the region is experiencing more frequent and intense extreme precipitation events. Note that although fewer stations are statistically significant, about 60% of the rain-gauge stations show an increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation. Furthermore, there is an increasing trend in the contribution of total extreme precipitation to total precipitation, with extreme precipitation becoming dominant in the increasingly arid SWC region. The results carry important implications for policymakers, who should place greater emphasis on extreme precipitation and associated floods and landslides when drafting water-resource management policies.摘要本文分析了中国西南20世纪70年代末以来极端降水事件的频率, 强度及其对总降水的贡献. 结果表明, 该地区约60%的降水站点极端降水的频率和强度正在增加, 而大多数站点总降水频率明显减少. 同时极端降水总量对总降水量的贡献有显著增加的趋势, 极端降水在日益干旱的中国西南地区变得更具主导性. 研究结果提醒应更加重视极端降水及其可能引发的次生灾害, 如洪水, 山体滑坡等.     

Diurnal variations of rainfall affected by complex topography based on high-density observation in Chongqing over southwest China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Located in the eastern edge of the Sichuan Basin (SCB) in the southwest China, Chongqing is a mountainous region with typical complex topographic features....     

渤海海底地震仪探测试验及初步成果

利用大容量气枪枪阵震源和海底地震仪在渤海首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验。本次试验布设一条NWW-SEE向垂直构造走向的勘测线,共投放海底地震仪51台,回收成功50台。试验结果和数据分析表明,所使用的枪阵有足够的能量输出,海底地震仪记录震相丰富,可识别到Ps,Pg,PmP,Pn等多种震相。初至波层析成像结果表明,9 km以上地层速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,渤中地区新生代沉积基底埋深5～6 km,结晶基底埋深约9 km,郯庐断裂带内存在"U"型下凹的相对低速体并有向下切割的趋势。此次试验是我国在渤海深部探测中的成功示范,有效填补了渤海海域深地震测深数据的空白,为渤海深部地壳结构研究及含油气盆地形成演化研究提供了重要的基础资料。     

Simulation and improvement of common land model on the bare soil of Loess Plateau underlying surface

Climate model has become an irreplaceable tool for the study and prediction of climate changes. The land surface process, as one of the important parts of all climate models, must be considered so that the simulative ability of climate models could be improved. Using the common land model (CoLM) that is driven by the LOPEX experiment data, the characteristics of land surface processes of the Loess Plateau are simulated. Furthermore, based on the comparison of the field observation data with the simulated results, the simulative performance of CoLM in the Loess Plateau region is also examined. The results show that, CoLM can be used in the Loess Plateau, and it perfectly simulates net radiations and net short-wave radiations. However, the simulated land-surface temperature is slightly higher than actual measured value, while the simulated soil temperature values in lower layers (5, 10, 20, 40 cm) are relatively less and the variety phase of these also lag. Moreover, the simulated sensible heat flux is a little larger, while the simulated soil thermal conductivity value is obviously lower. By modifying the calculation plan of soil thermal conductivity, the simulated result has been greatly improved. As a whole, if CoLM is applied in the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China, the parameterization of soil thermal conductivity should be ameliorated, which can improve its simulative capacity in the Loess Plateau regions.