U–Pb dating of zircon and cassiterite from the Early Cretaceous Jiaojiguan iron-tin polymetallic deposit,implications for magmatism and metallogeny of the Tengchong area,western Yunnan,China

The newly discovered Jiaojiguan deposit, a medium-scale skarn iron-tin polymetallic deposit on the Sino-Burma boundary of Yunnan Province (SW China), is spatially associated with the biotite monzonitic granite. Here, we report new in situ zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U–Pb ages, trace element and Hf isotope data from the granite, and U–Pb dating ages of cassiterite from the ore bodies. In this study, we obtain a weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 124.1 ± 1.4 Ma for the zircon and a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U/²⁰⁶Pb intercept age of 123.8 ± 2.2 Ma for the cassiterite. The granite crystallized during the Early Cretaceous, with zircons exhibiting εHf(t) values from ?5.8 to ?0.6 and two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) of 1.21–1.54 Ga. The close temporal and spatial links between pluton emplacement and ore-forming events suggest that magmatic-hydrothermal events were the key factors that triggered the genesis of the iron-tin polymetallic deposits in the area. Regional geochronological data show that tin mineralization took place three times during the Cretaceous–Palaeogene in the Tengchong block due to re-melting of the underlying supposed Proterozoic (1.5 ± 0.5 Ga) Sn-rich strata/materials. Compared with those in the Bangong–Nujiang metallogenic belt (BNMB), we propose that the Cretaceous iron-tin polymetallic mineralization events in Tengchong–Baoshan closely resemble those of the Bangong–Nujiang belt in northern Tibet, both of which have experienced similar tectono-magmatic-metallogenic histories since the Mesozoic.     

Assessing hurricane damage costs in the presence of vulnerability model uncertainty

Probability-based assessment of hurricane damage costs for coastal communities is vital for policy-makers and insurers. The uncertainties associated with hurricane damage costs include both the inherent uncertainty due to the random nature of hurricane process and the model uncertainty of the mathematical representation of hurricane damage (vulnerability model). The hurricane vulnerability model has traditionally been modeled as a deterministic function of hurricane wind speed in the literature, without considering the effect of vulnerability model uncertainty on hurricane damage assessment. This paper develops two methods to assess the hurricane damage costs in the presence of vulnerability model uncertainty. To account for the non-stationarity in hurricane actions due to the potential impact of climate change, the hurricane occurrence process is modeled as a non-stationary Poisson process and the hurricane intensity is assumed to vary in time with time-variant statistical parameters of hurricane wind speed. A case study of Miami-Dade County, Florida, is conducted to illustrate the proposed methods and to investigate the impact of vulnerability model uncertainty on hurricane damage costs.     

Study of portable infrastructure-free cell phone detector for disaster relief

Natural Hazards - In this paper, we investigate the spatial and temporal distributions of rainfall in Qatar, which falls in the arid region of the middle-east. We use rainfall data from 29 rain...     

Analysis of social vulnerability of residential community to hazards in Tianjin,China

Flood management consists many aspects such as hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, exposure assessment, risk assessment, early warning system, damage assessment as well as risk mitigation planning. Conventional flood management are depending on the ground based monitoring of rainfall and river discharge. Many parts of the world are not covered by these sensor networks in one hand and these ground based systems are costly. Most of the tropical countries have high flood risk and low financial and institutional capacity to afford ground based system. While conventional flood management is time and cost intensive, spaceborne remote sensing provides timely and low-cost data in comparison to field observation, and is the obvious choice for most developing countries affected by flooding. Many aspects of flood management are being aided with the advancement of remote sensing technology. More precise and near real time flood detection, lead time in flood early warning system, accurate and advance inputs of hydrological models are now blessed by space technology. Many methods and approaches have been developed to overcome the constrains in the application of spaceborne remote sensing in flood management. Application of satellite remote sensing in flood hazard assessment is well documented, however, the application of space technology in other aspects of the flood management is also promising. Therefore, this review paper focuses on the applicability of spaceborne remote sensing and in most of the aspects in flood management.

     

The smoke is rising but where is the fire? Exploring effective online map design for wildfire warnings

The current study sought to offer guidance for developing effective web-based mapping tools for wildfire warnings by identifying (1) the important content for facilitating individuals’ decision-making, and (2) the optimal interface design for ensuring usability and ease of information access. A map-based warning tool was prototyped in the Australian context, followed by a usability and effectiveness evaluation through individual interviews and verbal protocol analysis to assess participants’ interaction with the mapping interface and information in response to the simulated warning scenario. The results demonstrated variations in participants’ approaches to wildfire warning response, revealing varied information needs. Specifically, most participants relied on their own assessment of the prospective threat, requiring specific wildfire-related information before eliciting a response. In contrast, the decision of a minority of the participants was motivated by response guidance from agencies, and accurate wildfire information was less important for their response. Imperative information for both types of residents therefore needs to be highlighted in a map-based warning tool to cater to a wide audience. Furthermore, a number of heuristics were identified for designing effective interactive functions to facilitate the control of, and access to, the various maps and textual information presented on the map-based warning interface.     

南极半岛屈韦维尔岛白垩纪中期火山岩浆作用及其构造指示:锆石U-Pb年代学和Hf同位素制约

南极半岛长期以来位于冈瓦纳古陆的西缘,是冈瓦纳古陆最后裂解的发生地。南极半岛内出露有大量的中新生代火成岩,关于其成岩期次、源区性质以及产出的动力学背景等尚存争议,从而影响到对南极半岛构造演化的认识。本文报道了南极半岛中部构造域屈韦维尔岛地区出露的安山质火山岩、闪长玢岩脉及其中闪长岩捕掳体的LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石UPb年代学和Hf同位素分析数据。其中含角砾安山质熔岩、安山质火山角砾岩、中粒闪长岩捕虏体和闪长玢岩脉4件样品的锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为103.3±1.7Ma、101.9±1.8Ma、92.0±1.2Ma和85.7±07Ma,表明该岛在白垩纪中期存在三幕火山岩浆作用事件:第一幕约为102Ma发生的强烈火山喷发;第二幕约为92Ma的闪长岩侵入作用;第三幕约为86Ma的闪长玢岩体侵入作用。锆石的Hf同位素原位分析结果表明,主要测点的εHf(t)值在+2.5~+7.9之间,平均值为+4.4,其一阶段Hf模式年龄为505~678Ma,表明白垩纪中期出露的火成岩可能由新元古代-寒武纪的亏损地幔物质部分熔融所形成。结合前人研究成果,得出本岛出露的火成岩形成于冈瓦纳古陆裂解过程所伴生的俯冲岛弧环境中,是构成南极半岛中部岩浆弧构造域的主体岩性之一。     

黑龙江东部依兰珠山变辉长岩的年代学、地球化学及其构造意义

对黑龙江东部依兰珠山变辉长岩进行了锆石年代学和地球化学研究,以确定其形成时代、成因及构造背景。变辉长岩锆石均呈自形-半自形晶,具典型的条痕状吸收特征和较高的Th/U比值(0.20~0.86),暗示其岩浆成因。LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年结果为(256±3)Ma,表明珠山变辉长岩形成于晚二叠世。地球化学特征显示变辉长岩具有贫硅,富镁、铁、铝、钙的特征;其轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba)富集,重稀土元素(HREEs)和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和Ti)亏损。结合区域地质资料,认为珠山变辉长岩为俯冲流体交代地幔楔的产物,其形成可能与古大洋板块的俯冲作用有关,暗示佳木斯地块与松嫩地块在晚二叠世之前尚未碰撞拼合。     

大兴安岭北段霍洛台铜铅锌矿区花岗闪长岩的岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学制约

黑龙江省大兴安岭地区霍洛台花岗闪长岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学表明,霍洛台花岗闪长岩(145 Ma)为早白垩世岩浆侵入产物。元素地球化学组成表明,为一套具埃达克岩特征的高钾钙碱性系列岩石,表现为高SiO_2(65.64%~66.00%)、高K_2O(3.67%~3.77%)、低MgO(0.09%~1.21%)、高Sr含量(814.00×10~(-6)~893.00×10~(-6)),低Yb(0.194×10~(-6)~0.536×10~(-6))和Y(6.38×10~(-6)~7.73×10~(-6)),A/CNK为0.94~0.958,轻重稀土元素分异明显。La/Yb(92.54~245.88)、Th/La(0.17~0.2)、Th/U(4.01~4.84)和Mg~#值(26.70~29.22)等特征显示霍洛台花岗闪长岩为加厚下地壳部分熔融形成。结合区域构造演化背景,认为霍洛台花岗闪长岩为受蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造体系影响下地壳加厚挤压-伸展转换阶段作用产物。     

南水北调中线核心区土地利用变化及其生态环境响应研究

本文以南水北调中线工程核心水源区淅川县为例,选取2004年TM、2014年GF1号影像等数据,解译获取了淅川县土地利用数据,对2004-2014年淅川县土地利用变化进行定量分析。通过选用区域生态环境质量模型,对研究期内淅川县土地利用变化的生态环境效应进行评估,并采用灰色关联法对导致淅川县生态环境质量变化的驱动因素进行分析。研究结果表明：① 2004-2014年,林地、建设用地和水域面积增加,耕地面积减少。在林地资源演化趋势上,有林地、疏林地、灌木林地和苗圃地与林地资源的整体演化格局一致,而宜林地和无立木林地、未成林造林地呈减少的趋势;② 在空间分布上,林地主要分布在海拔高、坡度较陡的北部山区,耕地和建设用地密集分布于海拔低、相对平缓的东南部地区;③ 2004年和2014年2期生态环境质量均在县域内表现出明显的空间差异,呈现出北高南低的分布趋势。研究期内淅川县区域生态环境质量指数从0.5443上升至0.6039,生态环境质量提高,其中宜林地和无立木林地转化为有林地、退耕还林对区域生态环境改善贡献最大;④ 局部地区生态环境呈负向发展,其中对森林资源采取掠夺式开采和粗放型管理、毁林开地对县域生态环境产生的负面影响最为深刻。⑤ 2004-2014年县域生态环境质量变化主要由政策和居民追求利益最大化的行为所驱动。     

Influence of white spot syndrome virus infection on hepatopancreas gene expression of ‘Huanghai No. 2’ shrimp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fenneropenaeus chinensis</Emphasis>)

To elucidate the molecular response of shrimp hepatopancreas to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection, microarray was applied to investigate the differentially expressed genes in the hepatopancreas of ‘Huanghai No. 2’ (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). A total of 59137 unigenes were designed onto a custom-made 60K Agilent chip. After infection, the gene expression profiles in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp with a lower viral load at early (48–96 h), peak (168–192 h) and late (264–288 h) infection phases were analyzed. Of 18704 differentially expressed genes, 6412 were annotated. In total, 5453 differentially expressed genes (1916 annotated) expressed at all three phases, and most of the annotated were either up- or down-regulated continuously. These genes function diversely in, for example, immune response, cytoskeletal system, signal transduction, stress resistance, protein synthesis and processing, metabolism among others. Some of the immune-related genes, including antilipopolysaccharide factor, Kazal-type proteinase inhibitor, C-type lectin and serine protease encoding genes, were up-regulated after WSSV infection. These genes have been reported to be involved in the anti-WSSV responses. The expression of genes related to the cytoskeletal system, including β-actin and myosin but without tubulin genes, were down-regulated after WSSV infection. Astakine was found for the first time in the WSSV-infected F. chinensis. To further confirm the expression of differentially expressed genes, quantitative real-time PCR was performed to test the expression of eight randomly selected genes and verified the reliability and accuracy of the microarray expression analysis. The data will provide valuable information to understanding the immune mechanism of shrimp’s response to WSSV.