黔北务川—正安—道真地区下二叠统大竹园组和梁山组孢粉学研究

文中材料采自黔北务川—正安—道真地区下二叠统大竹园组和梁山组。大竹园组孢粉化石类型单调,保存较差;而梁山组孢粉化石丰富,保存良好。孢粉组合特征为:(1)大竹园组包含丰富的Calamospora和Florinites及少量Torispora verrucosa,Gulisporites,Alisporites,Hamiapollenites和Striatopodocarpites,这一孢粉组合主要出现在上石炭统至下二叠统。按照大竹园组层位和孢粉化石特征,其地质时代应为早二叠世Asselian期—Artinskian期(相当于紫松期—隆林期)。(2)梁山组中可建立孢粉组合Laevigatosporites vulgaris-Gulisporites-Florinites ovalis,共计发现孢粉化石34属49种,其中蕨类植物孢子含量为51.6％～56.1％,裸子植物花粉含量为43.9％～48.4％。与大竹园组沉积时期相比,这一时期植被极为繁盛。根据孢粉组合特征,梁山组地质时代可能为早二叠世隆林期,即Kungurian期。     

Precise and Accurate In Situ Determination of Lead Isotope Ratios in NIST,USGS, MPI‐DING and CGSG Glass Reference Materials using Femtosecond Laser Ablation MC‐ICP‐MS

Lead isotope ratio data were obtained with good precision and accuracy using a 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation (fLA) system connected to a multi‐collector ICP‐MS (MC‐ICP‐MS) and through careful control of analytical procedures. The mass fractionation coefficient induced by 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation was approximately 28% lower than that by 193 nm excimer laser ablation (eLA) with helium carrier gas. The exponential law correction method for Tl normalisation with optimum adjusted Tl ratio was utilised to obtain Pb isotopic data with good precision and accuracy. The Pb isotopic ratios of the glass reference materials NIST SRM 610, 612, 614; USGS BHVO‐2G, BCR‐2G, GSD‐1G, BIR‐1G; and MPI‐DING GOR132‐G, KL2‐G, T1‐G, StHs60/80‐G, ATHO‐G and ML3B‐G were determined using fLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The measured Pb isotopic ratios were in good agreement with the reference or published values within 2s measurement uncertainties. We also present the first high‐precision Pb isotopic data for GSE‐1G, GSC‐1G, GSA‐1G and CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5 glass reference materials obtained using the femtosecond laser ablation MC‐ICP‐MS analysis technique.     

降雨入渗补给地下水数值模拟研究

针对在地下水资源评价中入渗补给量采用经验估算存在较大误差的问题,以神东矿区为例,在广泛调查矿区包气带岩性结构并结合野外取样、室内参数测定的基础上,采用数值模拟的方法建立包气带水分运移数值模拟模型,定量模拟矿区内不同地段降雨入渗强度,探讨影响降雨入渗强度的主要因素,计算得出研究区降雨入渗系数大致在0.18~0.27,分析认为影响降雨入渗强度的因素有降雨量、潜水埋深、包气带岩性等。其中在研究区广泛分布的风积沙对地下水资源起到了一定的保护作用。     

新郑矿区地热资源潜能分析与保护建议

基于新郑矿区以平均每年0.0813×108m3的涌水量向地表排放热水,造成的地热资源损失和污染环境的现实,在分析地温地质条件基础上,利用热储资源量公式、卡明斯基公式和弹性储存量公式,分别计算了矿山开采前和开采后不同类型地热资源量,并对当前矿区地热潜能进行了评估。在此基础上,提出了选择煤层底板加固技术,保持岩溶裂隙水一定的水位、减少地下水排放和利用识别模型,选择适宜区段作为地热资源开采区,以调减矿山日常的排水量,尽可能维持渗流场基本不变,进而提高热储的潜能,实现节能减排,达到保护与利用地热资源的效果的建议。     

Predicting lake water quality responses to load reduction: a three-dimensional modeling approach for total maximum daily load

Water quality restoration efforts often suffer the risk of ineffectiveness and failure due to lack of quantitative decision supports. During the past two decades, the restoration of one of China’s most heavily polluted lakes, Lake Dianchi, has experienced costly decision ineffectiveness with no detectable water quality improvement. The governments are planning to invest tremendous amount of funds in the next 5 years to continue the lake restoration process; however, without a quantitative understanding between the load reduction and the response in lake water quality, it is highly possible that these planned efforts would suffer the similar ineffectiveness as before. To provide scientifically sound decision support for guiding future load reduction efforts in Lake Dianchi Watershed, a sophisticated quantitative cause-and-effect response system was developed using a three-dimensional modeling approach. It incorporates the complex three dimensional hydrodynamics, fate and transport of nutrients, as well as nutrient-algae interactions into one holistic framework. The model results show that the model performs well in reproducing the observed spatial pattern and temporal trends in water quality. The model was then applied to three total maximum daily load scenarios and two refined restoration scheme scenarios to quantify phytoplankton responses to various external load reduction intensities. The results show that the algal bloom in Lake Dianchi responds to load reduction in a complex and nonlinear way, therefore, it is necessary to apply the developed system for future load reduction and lake restoration schemes for more informed decision making and effective management.     

Preliminary assessment of CO2 transport and storage costs of promising source–sink matching scenarios in Guangdong province,China

Guangdong is the most economically developed province in China, which is a large CO₂ emitter and hence is faced with severe carbon reduction pressures. In this paper, a cost assessment methodology based on scenario analysis is presented. A CO₂ source and sink database was built at Guangdong after detailed investigations on the point sources and sedimentary basins. Fifteen transport and five storage scenarios were defined and studied, respectively. Cost estimates based on these scenarios show that during its lifetime, the costs of both transport and storage depend on the amount of CO₂ processed. More CO₂ being processed will bring down the unit costs of both transport and storage. However, it was observed that there is a cost inflection point between the storage amount of 35.2 and 52.8 Mt/year, which means that as the storage amount increases, the storage cost will first decrease and then increase. Source region S1 in Guangdong has been recommended for an early chance of CO₂ storage. Preliminary cost comparisons have shown that the results presented in this study are reasonable, but to improve the cost assessment accuracy of offshore CO₂ storage, a methodology based on a CO₂ storage design that can integrate local prices needs to be further developed.     

Quick sulfide buffering in inner shelf sediments of the East China Sea impacted by eutrophication

In the eutrophic coastal ocean, quick formation of iron (Fe) sulfide is environmentally important to effectively prevent accumulation of dissolved sulfide and its detrimental effects on the benthic ecosystem. In this study, 0.5 N HCl-extractable labile Fe (LFe), acid volatile sulfide, and pyrite in the East China Sea inner shelf sediments were examined to investigate the mechanisms of quick sequestration of dissolved sulfide and potential impacts of frequent algal blooms on the capacity of quick sulfide-buffering in eutrophic coastal areas of the large-sized continental shelf subject to massive terrestrial input. The results indicate that sulfate reduction has been competitively suppressed by dissimilatory Fe reduction due to limited availability of labile organic matter. Dissolved sulfide can be quickly buffered by reaction with LFe and, therefore, is difficult to accumulate to a high level. The quick sulfide-buffering capacity has not become exhausted partly because of the formation of un-sulfidized LFe(II) via dissimilatory reduction of less reactive Fe oxides. It is expected that dissolved sulfide will not pose detrimental effects on the benthic ecosystem in the near future if the current biogeochemical/ecological state remains.     

Soil-hydrological properties response to grazing exclusion in a steppe grassland of the Loess Plateau

Soil–water characteristics are necessary for water quality monitoring, solute migration and plant growth. Soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) is a relationship between suction and water content or degree of saturation. However, little information is available concerning the impacts of grazing exclusion management on soil–water characteristics. Here, the soil–water characteristics of grasslands, which were excluded grazing for 5 (GE5) and 15 years (GE15), were studied. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _s), SWCC, particle composition, field capacity and some other indexes were determined. Results showed that the clay content and K _s of grassland soil were higher for GE15 than GE5. For both treatments, in low suction condition (≤100 kPa), the water holding capacity of 0–10 cm soil was the best. Water holding capacity of topsoil decreased gradually with the increasing of suction, and it reached the strongest when the suction reached 600 kPa. In all soil water suction, the water holding capacity of subsoil was the weakest. The van Genuchten expression was applicable for most of the samples, except 20–30 cm of GE5 and 10–20 cm of GE15. Dual porosity equation was applicable for all the samples. The soil–water capability and soil structure of which was fenced for 15 years is superior to that of 5 years. This study suggests that the enclosure management improved the soil structure and soil–water capability.     

Immobilization of phosphorus,copper, zinc and arsenic in swine manure by activated red mud

Red mud (RM), the solid waste of alumina industry, is high in silicon, calcium, aluminum and iron oxides. In this study, RM was activated by heat treatment at different temperatures and characterized with BET nitrogen gas sorption, scanning electron microscopy analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. Immobilization of phosphorus, copper, zinc, and arsenic in swine manure by activated RM was studied as a function of RM dosage, pH and time. The immobilization efficiency of phosphorus, copper, zinc and arsenic increased with the increase in RM dosage, reaching 77, 39, 42, and 78 % when the proportion of RM to swine manure was 20 %. The pH of the solution had a significant impact on the immobilization and it was found that the efficiency increased with the increase in pH. During the 24-h immobilization, the efficiency increased with time and achieved equilibrium after 12 h. Chemical variations of phosphorus, copper, zinc, and arsenic during the immobilization process were investigated with sequential chemical extraction method and the results showed that the contents of non-labile fractions of phosphorus, heavy metals and arsenic increased obviously, whereas the contents of labile fractions decreased.     

Assessment of soil salinization based on a low-cost method and its influencing factors in a semi-arid agricultural area,northwest China

An investigation of soil salinization was carried out in the Nanshantaizi area (Northwest China) with WET Sensor. This device can measure such soil parameters as bulk soil electrical conductivity, water content, and the pore water electrical conductivity that are important for soil salinization assessments. A distribution map of soil salinization was produced, and the factors influencing soil salinization and its processes were discussed in detail. The study shows that moderately salinized to salt soils are mainly observed in the alluvial plain, where groundwater level is high and lateral recharge water contains high salinity. Nanshantaizi is covered by slightly salinized soils. The soil salinization distribution estimated by WET Sensor is generally consistent with the actual levels of salinization. Soil salinity in Nanshantaizi is mostly of natural origin and accumulated salts could leach to deeper soils or aquifers by water percolation during irrigation. Groundwater evaporation, groundwater level depth and quality of recharge water are important factors influencing soil salinization in the alluvial plain.