A Dynamic Method for Quantifying Natural Warming in Urban Areas

In the study of global warming, one of the main issues is the quantification of the urbanization effect in climate records. Previous studies have contributed much to removing the impact of urbanization from surface air temperature by carefully selecting reference stations. However, due to the insufficient number of stations free from the influence of urbanization and the different criteria used to select reference stations, there are still significant controversies about the intensity of the impact of urbanization on temperature records. This study proposes a dynamic method for quantifying natural warming using information on urbanization from every station acquired from remote sensing (RS) data instead of selecting reference stations. Two different spatial scales were applied to examine the impact of urbanization, but little difference was found, indicating the stability of this method. The results showed a significant difference in original temperature data and the homogenized data—urban warming accounted for approximately 64% in the original temperature warming but only approximately 20% in the homogenized temperature records.     

青海青龙沟金矿成矿流体演化特征及矿床成因研究

青龙沟金矿位于柴达木盆地北缘—南祁连造山带中,主矿体赋存于青龙沟背斜褶皱北东翼部NW走向的层间滑脱断裂,矿石类型为蚀变岩型。依据矿石矿物组合和矿物穿切关系将成矿过程划分为3个阶段:Ⅰ.无矿石英脉阶段;Ⅱ.石英-黄铁矿多金属硫化物阶段;Ⅲ.石英碳酸盐阶段。对不同阶段石英中流体包裹体进行岩相学和显微测温研究,结果表明,不同阶段石英中流体包裹体均以气液两相为主,在石英碳酸盐阶段出现纯液相包裹体;均一温度集中在200℃~240℃,170℃~210℃和130℃~160℃。不同阶段压力平均值分别为24.39 MPa,17.30 MPa和11.84 MPa,对应成矿深度分别为2.4 km,1.7 km和1.2 km。结合矿床地质特征以及流体特征显示青龙沟金矿应属于浅成造山型金矿。     

大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)补体调节因子CFH 和 CFHR2 基因的分子特征及表达分析

补体是鱼类免疫系统重要的组分, 具有识别和消除外来病原体, 激活免疫细胞, 调控获得 性免疫等功能。在免疫组织中, 补体调节因子大约占据了补体成分的二分之一, 当受到外界病原刺激 时会迅速活化补体成分, 并且进一步聚合形成酶复合物发挥一系列免疫效应。CFH 和CFHR2 是补体 替代途径重要的调节因子, 对于补体系统正常运转必不可少。为此, 本文测定了大黄鱼补体调节因子 CFH 和CFHR2 基因的cDNA 全序列, 并对基因组织特异性表达和溶藻弧菌刺激后基因mRNA 表达 量的变化等方面进行了研究。CFH 和CFHR2 序列全长分别为1332 bp 和1170 bp, 分别编码443 和 389 个氨基酸, N 端信号肽序列分别为24 和32 个氨基酸。推导的氨基酸序列结构分析表明大黄鱼 CFH 和CFHR2 基因具有RCA 蛋白家族的典型特征, 即含有多个保守的CCP 结构(补体控制蛋白). 实时荧光定量PCR 结果显示, CFH 和CFHR2 在健康大黄鱼的肝、脾、肾、肠、脑、胃、心和肌肉 这8 种组织中都有表达, 其中肝脏的表达量显著高于其它几种组织。溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus) 侵染了健康的大黄鱼之后, CFH 和CFHR2 的mRNA 表达量均明显上调, 并且随着感染时间的变化呈 现不同的上升趋势。结果表明补体调节因子mRNA 表达量的变化与溶藻弧菌的侵染密切相关, 表明 了CFH 和CFHR2 可能在大黄鱼自身免疫机制中发挥重要的作用。     

黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)感染的动态病理学及病原分布研究

采用病理形态学方法与免疫组化法进行了黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) 爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella ictaluri)感染的动态病理学与病原分布研究。结果表明, 感染鱼主要临床特征为游动缓慢, 旋游, 体表出血, 腹部膨大, 腹腔内充有淡黄色或含血的腹水, 肝、脾与肾肿大, 出血; 病理组织学上, 感染后8—12h, 肝细胞空泡变性和间质性肾炎; 24h后肝出现局灶性坏死, 肾小管上皮变性和更严重的间质性肾炎, 脾出血和淋巴细胞坏死; 48h 后, 肝、脾、肾坏死更严重, 致感染鱼死亡。感 染后8h, 在肝脏检测到病原菌阳性信号, 12h 后, 在肝、肾、脾中检出阳性信号, 48h 后, 在肝、肾、脾、心、脑、鳃、肠道等都检出阳性信号, 表明爱德华氏菌腹腔注射感染黄颡鱼首先侵袭肝、肾、脾, 然后是心脏、脑、鳃、胃肠等。     

Thermal effect mechanism of magnetoresistance in p-type diamond films

Based on the analysis and the discussion of the influence of thermal ionization energy and various scatterings on magnetoresistance(MR) of p-type diamond films, a revised model of valence band split-off over temperature is put forward, and a corresponding calculation formula is given for the MR of p-type diamond films (Corbino discs). It is shown that the theoretical calculation that the MR of diamond films changes with temperature is consistent with the experiment. The influence of Fermi energy level on MR of diamond films is discussed. Additionally, the thermal effect mechanism of MR in p-type diamond films is also explored.     

柴北缘西段团鱼山岩体的地球化学、年代学及Hf同位素示踪

柴北缘西段团鱼山花岗闪长岩体SiO2 含量为66.35%~70.04%,具有富碱（Na2O+K2O=7.20%~7.57%）,富钠（Na2O/ K2O=2.37~3.38）,弱过铝质（A/CNK=1.00~1.02）以及低镁指数（Mg#=23~26）等特点,为钙碱性弱过铝质花岗岩。岩石 具有较低的Y（4.65×10-6~6.31×10-6）, Yb（0.38×10-6~0.54×10-6） 以及较高的Sr（858×10-6~1020×10-6） 含量,Sr/ Y=162~192,显示了高Sr 低Y 的地球化学特征。锆石的U- Pb 同位素研究结果显示,团鱼山花岗闪长岩的侵位时代为（437.4 ±3）Ma。结合柴北缘地区超高压变质年龄（423~458 Ma）,认为该岩体是在陆壳俯冲背景下,基性下地壳加厚脱水引发部 分熔融的结果,熔融温压条件可能为P >1.2GPa 和T >800℃,源区残留相主要为石榴石+ 角闪石。锆石Hf同位素研究结果表明, 其εHf（t ）值变化于-11.4~8.15,二阶段模式年龄存在888~1078 Ma（具正的εHf（t ）值颗粒）和1300~1699 Ma（具负的εHf（t ）值颗粒）两组,另有两个核部测点的二阶段模式年龄分别为2.45 Ga 和3.00 Ga（对应测点的U-Pb 年龄>2.4 Ga）,表明团鱼 山花岗闪长岩源区物质组成复杂,主要为中元古代-古元古代地壳物质和新元古代新生地壳,同时暗示柴北缘地区在太古 代已有地壳形成。     

Large-Eddy Simulation of Wind-Turbine Wakes: Evaluation of Turbine Parametrisations

Large-eddy simulation (LES), coupled with a wind-turbine model, is used to investigate the characteristics of a wind-turbine wake in a neutral turbulent boundary-layer flow. The tuning-free Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used for the parametrisation of the SGS stresses. The turbine-induced forces (e.g., thrust, lift and drag) are parametrised using two models: (a) the ‘standard’ actuator-disk model (ADM-NR), which calculates only the thrust force and distributes it uniformly over the rotor area; and (b) the actuator-disk model with rotation (ADM-R), which uses the blade-element theory to calculate the lift and drag forces (that produce both thrust and rotation), and distribute them over the rotor disk based on the local blade and flow characteristics. Simulation results are compared to high-resolution measurements collected with hot-wire anemometry in the wake of a miniature wind turbine at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory atmospheric boundary-layer wind tunnel. In general, the characteristics of the wakes simulated with the proposed LES framework are in good agreement with the measurements in the far-wake region. The ADM-R yields improved predictions compared with the ADM-NR in the near-wake region, where including turbine-induced flow rotation and accounting for the non-uniformity of the turbine-induced forces appear to be important. Our results also show that the Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic SGS model is able to account, without any tuning, for the effects of local shear and flow anisotropy on the distribution of the SGS model coefficient.     

饲料中的维生素E对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、脂肪过氧化及抗氧化能力的影响

采用6种维生素E(VE)含量为26、52、66、132、191、339 mg/kg饲料干质量的等氮等能实验饲料,研究饲料中维生素E对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长,肝脏和肌肉中的硫代巴必妥酸反应底物(TBARS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的影响。结果表明大菱鲆的生长和体成分受饲料中VE含量的影响产生的差异不显著,然而肝脏和血清中的VE含量以及肝脏和肌肉中的硫代巴必妥酸底物(TBARS)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和肝脏总抗氧化力(T-AOC)则受其影响显著(P<0.05)。结果显示大菱鲆幼鱼摄取不适宜量的VE时在表现出各种缺乏症之前会先发生脂肪过氧化现象,同时饲料中的VE能够有效提高大菱鲆幼鱼的抗氧化能力。     

Simulation of Turbulent Flow Inside and Above Wind Farms: Model Validation and Layout Effects

A recently-developed large-eddy simulation framework is validated and used to investigate turbulent flow within and above wind farms under neutral conditions. Two different layouts are considered, consisting of thirty wind turbines occupying the same total area and arranged in aligned and staggered configurations, respectively. The subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulent stress is parametrized using a tuning-free Lagrangian scale-dependent dynamic SGS model. The turbine-induced forces are modelled using two types of actuator-disk models: (a) the ‘standard’ actuator-disk model (ADM-NR), which calculates only the thrust force based on one-dimensional momentum theory and distributes it uniformly over the rotor area; and (b) the actuator-disk model with rotation (ADM-R), which uses blade-element momentum theory to calculate the lift and drag forces (that produce both thrust and rotation), and distributes them over the rotor disk based on the local blade and flow characteristics. Validation is performed by comparing simulation results with turbulence measurements collected with hot-wire anemometry inside and above an aligned model wind farm placed in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. In general, the ADM-R model yields improved predictions compared with the ADM-NR in the wakes of all the wind turbines, where including turbine-induced flow rotation and accounting for the non-uniformity of the turbine-induced forces in the ADM-R appear to be important. Another advantage of the ADM-R model is that, unlike the ADM-NR, it does not require a priori specification of the thrust coefficient (which varies within a wind farm). Finally, comparison of simulations of flow through both aligned and staggered wind farms shows important effects of farm layout on the flow structure and wind-turbine performance. For the limited-size wind farms considered in this study, the lateral interaction between cumulated wakes is stronger in the staggered case, which results in a farm wake that is more homogeneous in the spanwise direction, thus resembling more an internal boundary layer. Inside the staggered farm, the relatively longer separation between consecutive downwind turbines allows the wakes to recover more, exposing the turbines to higher local wind speeds (leading to higher turbine efficiency) and lower turbulence intensity levels (leading to lower fatigue loads), compared with the aligned farm. Above the wind farms, the area-averaged velocity profile is found to be logarithmic, with an effective wind-farm aerodynamic roughness that is larger for the staggered case.     

开发信息资源加强国家信息基础设施建设

开发我国空间信息资源,加强国家信息基础设施建设是一项十分紧迫的任务。这一观点提得很早,但没有社会需求的推动,结果是“起个大早却赶了个晚集”。自去年以来,有这样几件事值得我们注意:1998年初,美国副总统戈尔提出“数字地球”的概念。这是他向全世界发出的一个世纪交替的挑战。“数字地球”概念提出后不到一年,克林顿接着发出了全球网络贸易的商战信号,最近又在科索沃战争中大打信息战。今年年初,比尔·盖茨来到中国兜售他的“维纳斯计划”。如果我们把这几件事连起来看,就不难发现我们面临的严峻现实。