Freeze concentration of proteins in Antarctic krill wash water

Water-washing removes fluoride from Antarctic krill but produces large volumes of wash water containing water-soluble proteins and fluoride. The freeze concentration method was tested to determine if it could be used to recover water-soluble proteins while leaving the fluoride in solution. After freezing and thawing the wash water, protein and fluoride contents of the thawed fractions were determined to explore the melting regularity of components in the wash water. The highest concentration factors of protein and fluoride were obtained after 80 min of thawing, such as 1.48 ± 0.06 and 1.35 ± 0.04 times, respectively. The free amino-nitrogen(FAN) content and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern results revealed that the highest concentrations of all ingredients were obtained after 80 min of the process. The degree of hydrolysis of all fractions from the thawing process fluctuated in a narrow range around 12% during the entire process, indicating that the thawing order did not change with various proteins or time during the entire thawing course. These results demonstrate that the freeze concentration method can be used to concentrate protein solutions, even those with fluoride. It was concluded that condensation was achieved and no ingredient could be separated, regardless of fluoride, amino acids, or different proteins in the water.     

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Heavy Metals in Pearl River Delta Quaternary Boreholes

This paper analyzed contents and geochemical fractions of four heavy metals in four Quaternary boreholes from different sedimentary areas in Pearl River Delta. The results revealed that the geochemical features of heavy metals were controlled by geological provenance and sedimentary environment. The contribution rates of geological sources showed differentiation in four sedimentary environments. In delta plain sedimentary environment, geological sources were the most predominant. In the sea land interaction sedimentary environment, the control of the geological source factor was weakened. The effect of land-sea interaction became more important. Due to different chemical properties of heavy metals, they showed distinct sensitivities to sedimentary environment. Cadmium (Cd) was enriched significantly in the study areas. Mobile fraction of Cd possessed the highest proportion. Potential ecological risk of Cadmium was the highest among heavy metals. Asenic, mercury and lead were enriched weakly. Arsenic and Mercury were dominated by residual fraction. Lead was mainly composed of residual and Fe-Mn oxidation fraction. Their potential ecological risks were relatively lower. In different sedimentary environment, physicochemical parameters had various effects on Cadmium geochemical fraction such as pH. The mobile fraction of Cd was mainly correlated with pH and leaching coefficient.     

中国淡水湖泊沉积物地球化学背景与环境质量基准建立的思考

利用中国150余个淡水湖泊表层沉积物和深层沉积物的地球化学数据,采用中位数绝对中位差的方法统计获得了中国主要淡水湖泊沉积物的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn、TN、TP、TOC及pH的地球化学背景值,为我国湖泊沉积物环境质量基准的建立和湖泊生态环境质量监管提供了重要依据。统计结果表明,我国表层湖泊沉积物中的As、Cd、Hg等重金属元素以及TP、TOC等发生了显著富集,显示出强烈的人类活动对湖泊沉积物环境质量的改变。在探讨国外环境质量基准值对我国淡水湖泊沉积物环境质量评价适应性的基础上,提出直接采用国外相关标准还不能客观评价我国湖泊沉积物的污染程度和生态风险,应充分考虑我国湖泊沉积物的地球化学背景,建立适应我国情况的沉积物环境质量基准。     

Benefit analysis of flood adaptation under climate change scenario

Natural Hazards - Typhoon Morakot of 2009 caused the worst flooding in the history of Taiwan. Because research on climate change has indicated that similar extreme disasters are expected to become...     

云南勐海县勐阿街温泉水化学和同位素特征及成因

勐阿街温泉地处云南西南部勐阿盆地,现主要有4个温泉出露点,在澜沧江断裂带西侧沿NW向小型断裂磨刀河—曼懂断裂带出露。地下热储带分布于华力西期—印支期的中酸性侵入岩中,热水富集在花岗岩断裂破碎带及断裂交汇位置。温泉近20年来主要成分未发生较大变化,温泉矿化度较低（0.31~0.34 g/L）,水化学类型为HCO3—Na型,为中低温、弱碱性温泉。热水中F-含量为12.8~13.2 mg/L,H2SiO3含量为52.5~67.6 mg/L,含有锂、锶、钨等微量元素。温泉水化学类型成因为含CO2的地下水对花岗岩体发生溶滤作用而形成,F-含量高可能是由于溶解了花岗岩中含氟的黑云母,H2SiO3含量较高的原因是温泉水与含硅酸盐岩的岩石发生大面积接触溶滤作用。氢氧稳定同位素组成表明勐阿街温泉的补给水源为大气降水,并具有轻微的18O漂移现象,表明水与围岩的氧同位素交换程度较高,热储温度较高。用同位素方法估算温泉的补给区高程在1 200 m左右,补给温度约为10 ℃,推测温泉水源主要来自勐阿街盆地周围山地的大气降水,计算得热储温度为93~104 ℃。勐阿街温泉成因为其周围山区大气降水入渗补给后,经历深循环受大地热流加热后,沿断裂带上升出露成泉。热水在上升途中与浅部冷水相遇,冷水混合比例52%~76%,热水循环深度为3 000~3 360 m。     

黑山煤田封堵涌水孔段的浆液和注浆方法

黑山煤田处于沙漠边侧,地层有纯砂粒构成的、透水性较強的中细砂层,这类地层中如含有承压水时,会发生钻孔涌水,对于中细砂涌水钻孔,用泥浆冲孔时,可通过适当增大泥浆相对密度,来压制地下水涌出,ZK18-28孔是涌水孔,也是采用绳索取心钻进的孔,因此不宜使用高相对密度泥浆。用套管亦未奏效。若用注浆法,对于中细砂层是不适用水泥浆的。而溶液型浆液的注浆封堵中细砂层,在技术有可行性,对于涌水压力不大的孔,又有可用低强度,因而也是低成本的浆液,因此选择了比较亷价的水玻璃类的SPN浆液,并采用双隔离塞的注浆法,在ZK18-28孔中取得了封堵中细砂涌水层的初步封堵效果。     

表生地球化学动力学与中国西南土壤中化学元素分布模式的驱动机制

地球表层是由山水林田湖草等要素构成的互动和互馈的复杂系统,这些要素中化学元素的互动和互馈过程均可驱动化学元素分布模式的变化。本文以系统的1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查数据为基础,讨论了中国西南地区土壤中常量元素、亲生物元素、卤族元素、重金属元素分布模式的驱动机制和互动过程。结果发现成土母质决定了土地资源中化学元素的自然状况,表生地球化学动力学过程重塑了表层土壤中元素分布模式,生物地球化学过程驱动了土地质量的演化趋势,强烈的人类活动(如矿业活动)破坏了元素分布的自然演化规律。表生地球化学动力学理论的提出将引领山水林田湖草生命共同体知识体系构建和土地资源地球化学综合调查技术的革新。     

Joint perturbation scattering characterization of a littoral oceanbottom reverberation: theory, scattering strength predictions, and datacomparisons

A joint surface roughness/volumetric perturbation scattering theory is utilized to characterize the reverberation from a littoral ocean bottom. The result is a reflected field spectrum that consists of specular and off-specular components. The predicted scattering strength from the off-specular component is shown to be comprised of interface roughness scattering, sediment inhomogeneity volumetric scattering, and interface roughness/sediment inhomogeneity correlation scattering. The sediment inhomogeneity volumetric scattering is shown to contain two contributions that are due to fractional variations in sediment densities and sound velocities. Both contributions are shown to be affected by the interface effect by a round-trip transmission coefficient factor. These two fractional variations are shown to contribute differently to scattering strength but similarly to backscattering strength. Inversely predicted roughness spectra from various sets of backscattering strength data are shown to be consistent with a generally known roughness spectrum. Both inversely predicted roughness and volumetric scattering physical property spectra are found to be self-consistent. However, the use of only ocean bottom backscattering strength data is found to be insufficient to judge whether the roughness or the volumetric scattering dominates. Reverberation characterizations using bistatic scattering strength data and signal spread data are planned for future studies     

A model study of turbidity maxima in the York River estuary,Virginia

A three-dimensional numerical model is used to investigate the mechanisms that contribute to the formation of the turbidity maxima in the York River, Virginia (U.S.). The model reproduces the basic features in both salinity and total suspended sediments (TSS) fields for three different patterns. Both the prominent estuary turbidity maximum (ETM) and the newly discovered secondary turbidity maximum (STM) are simulated when river discharge is relatively low. At higher river inflow, the two turbidity maxima move closer to each other. During very high river discharge event, only the prominent turbidity maximum is simulated. Diagnostic model studies also suggest that bottom resuspension is an important source of TSS in both the ETM and the STM, and confirm the observed association between the turbidity maxima and the stratification patterns in the York River estuary. The ETM is usually located near the head of salt intrusion and the STM is often associated with a transition zone between upriver well mixed and downriver more stratified water columns. Analysis of the model results from the diagnostic studies indicates that the location of the ETM is well associated with the null point of bottom residual flow. Convergent bottom residual flow, as well as tidal asymmetry, is the most important mechanisms that contribute to the formation of the STM. the STM often exists in a region with landward decrease of bottom residual flow and net landward sediment flux due to tidal asymmetry. The channel depth of this region usually decreases sharply upriver. As channel depth decreases, vertical mixing increases and hence the water column is better mixed landward of the STM.     

Nonhydrostatic,mesobeta-scale,real-data simulations with the Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model

Summary The Penn State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model is a widely used research tool that has been applied in a wide variety of real-data, mesoalpha-scale applications. Recently a nonhydrostatic version of this model has been developed by Dudhia (1993). It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate the capabilities of this modeling system by describing four examples of mesobeta-scale simulations: two of the cases involve maritime processes and two deal with continental weather events. All utilize fully three-dimensional sets of initial conditions that are based on real data, both standard data and from special measurements programs. One case employs the model in a data-assimilation configuration, wherein Newtonian relaxation terms are used in the equations to assimilate data from a variety of platforms. This example of nonhydrostatic four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA) is performed for the purpose of generating a dynamically consistent four-dimensional data-set, however the same procedure can be used for model initialization. The first case, described in section 2, involves the simulation of a coastal front that forms offshore near the western edge of the Gulf Stream. In the second case, described in section 3, the model is used in the FDDA mode to define the mesobeta-scale windfield over the complex terrain of the region around Grand Canyon, Arizona. In sections 4 and 5 will be described the mesobeta-scale structure of cold fronts, one within a marine cyclone, and another near the Rocky Mountains.With 21 FiguresNCAR is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.