Pacific decadal oscillation and European climatic anomalies

By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets for 1951–2001, we study the characteristics of Pacific cyclones. It is shown that the northeast-southwest direction is predominant in the displacements of cyclones in the North Pacific. We study the variability of the field of surface atmospheric pressure in different phases of the Pacific decadal oscillation characterizing the temperature anomalies on the surface of the ocean in the region bounded by 20 and 60°N. It is shown that the decadal variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation supported by the large-scale anomalies of the Pacific decadal oscillation is the most important cause of natural decadal oscillations in the European region. We study and evaluate the regional response to the Pacific decadal oscillation by using, as an example, the analysis of variations of the discharge of European rivers. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 13–23, July–August, 2007.     

Statistical analysis of a global photochemical model of the atmosphere

This is a study of the sensitivity of model results (atmospheric content of main gas constituents and radiative characteristics of the atmosphere) to errors in emissions of a number of atmospheric gaseous pollutants. Groups of the model variables most dependent on these errors are selected. Two variants of emissions are considered: one without their evolution and the other with their variation according to the IPCC scenario. The estimates are made on the basis of standard statistical methods for the results obtained with the detailed onedimensional radiative—photochemical model of the Main Geophysical Observatory (MGO). Some approaches to such estimations with models of higher complexity and to the solution of the inverse problem (i.e., the estimation of the necessary accuracy of external model parameters for obtaining the given accuracy of model results) are outlined.     

Fe3+胁迫对假微型海链藻中性脂累积及DGAT 表达的影响

二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)是脂类合成途径中的关键酶,其表达水平的高低影响着脂类含量的高低。微量元素Fe3+对于微藻的生长不可或缺,且影响着微藻中油脂的累积。本实验以假微型海链藻(Thalassiosira pseudonana)为研究对象,分析了铁限制(0.000 03mmol/L)和高铁胁迫(0.3 mmol/L)2种Fe3+胁迫条件下,不同种群生长期中性脂累积及二酰甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)的基因表达受到的影响。结果显示:铁限制条件下,微藻种群生长及其中性脂的合成受到抑制,DGAT的表达量下降;高铁胁迫条件下,高浓度Fe3+可促进中性脂合成与DGAT的表达,但抑制微藻种群生长。因此,富铁条件下更利于总脂的收集。     

Heterotrophic microbial communities on the water-sediment boundary in the Kara Sea

The qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the heterotrophic microbial communities (bacteria, flagellates, and ciliates) in the thin water-sediment layer in the Kara Sea are analyzed. The bacterial abundance correlated with the concentration of organic matter, whereas their size depended on the abundance of heterotrophic flagellates. The number of species of heterotrophic flagellates increased with the increase in the bacterial number. A positive relationship between the bacterial abundance and the ration of heterotrophic flagellates was observed at the offshore stations, probably due to the grazing pressure. The density of the ciliates on the soft silty and sandy-silty sediments was extremely low. The share of upstream filter feeding ciliate species increased with the increase in the abundance of the flagellates, probably due to the shift to less selective feeding strategies at higher values of the food concentrations. The classification of the heterotrophic microbial communities in the surface sediment layer has revealed two distinct types of the communities. The river communities are rich in species and are characterized by the high abundance of microorganisms. They are gradually replaced by marine communities at the salinity of 9%.     

Scenarios of nonlinear wave transformation in the coastal zone

On the basis of field experiments and numerical modeling, we show that coastal zones are classifiable according to manifestations of wind wave nonlinearity, which herein is recognized as periodic energy exchange between the first and second nonlinear wave harmonics depending on the average bottom slope and the Iribarren and Ursell numbers. The results offer a basis for developing vulnerability criteria for the coastal zone taking into account its nonlinear dynamics.     

黑石礁海域生物碳、氮稳定同位素组成的研究

稳定同位素技术是研究生态系统中物质循环与能量流动的有效技术。利用稳定同位素技术研究了黑石礁海域浮游植物和6种海洋生物的δ13 C和δ15组成、营养位置、空间分布和月份变化。结果显示:浮游植物的δ15 C远低于其他物种,不同物种的δ13 C和δ15 N存在明显的差异,且有交叉现象,表明他们同化了不同的碳源;物种的δ15 N值空间差异较大而δ13 C值空间差异不明显,且δ15 N值与距离排污口的远近有关系,越靠近排污口δ15 N越大,与人类活动营养物质的输入有关系,可以用δ15 N监测人类活动对海洋生物的影响;孔石莼的δ15 N月平均变化很大,浮游植物δ15 N值基本没有变化,其他物种没有发生很大的变化;孔石莼是适合短期监测人类活动对海洋影响的物种。     

Peculiarities of the rare-earth element distribution in the modern bottom sediments of the White Sea and the lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River

The study of the rare-earth element (REE) systematics in the modern bottom sediments of the White Sea and the lower reaches of the Severnaya Dvina River showed that they were derived by the simple mixing of the detrital material from two geochemically contrasting provenances: the Kola-Karelian geoblock almost completely consisting of Archean rocks and the northwestern Mezen syneclise made up of the Upper Vendian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic rocks. This is best manifested by the changes in ?_Nd(0). In terms of the Gd_N/Yb_N and Eu/Eu*, most of the studied samples are comparable with the Post-Archean craton complexes, some of which resemble the average composition of the Archean mudstone. Based on the ΣREE and La_N/Yb_N, the modern bottom sediments are subdivided into two groups: (1) those close to basalts and granites and (2) those approximating common sedimentary rocks. From the lower reaches of the Pinega River to the Tersky coast, the maximal average (La/Yb)_RPSC, (Gd/Yb)_RPSC, La_N/Yb_N, and Gd_N/Yb_N ratios were determined in the samples taken at the boundary of Dvina Bay with the Basin, i.e., in the sediments with the highest content of the pelitic component. In general, the geochemical composition of the modern bottom sediments of almost the entire White Sea area was defined by input of the eroded products of the mature continental crust with the Severnaya Dvina River, the main river of the region. Such a setting, when the formation of the sediments in a peri- or intracontinental marine basin is controlled by one large river system, presumably may be propagated to the sedimentation in the Laptev Sea, the eastern Kara Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and other basins.     

马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)组织蛋白酶L基因的克隆与表达分析

根据已构建的溶藻弧菌(Vibro alginolyticus)诱导的马氏珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)血淋巴cDNA差减文库得到的ESTs序列, 应用cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术成功克隆了其组织蛋白酶L基因(PFCatL), 并对其进行了生物信息学分析; 应用实时荧光定量PCR (Real-time PCR)技术, 研究了PFCatL基因在溶藻弧菌刺激前后马氏珠母贝足、外套膜、鳃、闭壳肌等8个组织中的表达变化。结果表明, PFCatL基因cDNA全长2004bp, 其中5′非编码区(5′-UTR)50bp, 3′非编码区(3′-UTR)865bp, 开放阅读框(ORF)1089bp, 编码362个氨基酸, 其分子量计算值(MW)为40.52kDa, 理论等电点(IP)为5.20; 生物信息学分析表明, PFCatL含有16个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列以及组织蛋白酶前体抑制功能域I29; Clustalw2多重比对发现PFCatL氨基酸序列在催化三联体Cys-His-Asn、底物结合位点以及二硫键形成相关的半胱氨酸残基位点高度保守; Real-time PCR研究发现, PFCatL在马氏珠母贝各组织中均有表达, 但各组织间的表达量存在差异, 其中以肾和闭壳肌中的表达量最高; 溶藻弧菌感染4h后, 外套膜、鳃以及血淋巴中PFCatL基因的表达较感染前显著上调。     

海水酸化对米氏凯伦藻和盐生杜氏藻种群增长和种间竞争的影响

大气中CO_2浓度升高导致的海水酸化改变了海洋生物赖以生存的化学环境,将对其生长、繁殖和代谢产生深远影响。本研究采用实验生态学的方法,以米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)为研究对象,探究在海水酸化条件下两种微藻种群增长和种间竞争关系的变化。结果发现:(1)在单培养体系中,随着二氧化碳浓度升高,米氏凯伦藻的环境负载能力(K)升高,而对其生长率进入拐点的时间(T_p)、内禀增长率(r)、进入指数增长期(T_(Ep))和静止期的时间(T_(Sp))均无显著性影响;对盐生杜氏藻而言,二氧化碳浓度升高显著降低了盐生杜氏藻的T_p和r值,而对其K、T_(Ep)、T_(Sp)均无显著性影响;(2)在共培养体系中,两种微藻的K值均受到显著抑制,与单培养体系相比差异显著(P0.05);二氧化碳升高改变了两种微藻的竞争关系,微藻之间的竞争表现为向有利于米氏凯伦藻的方向发展。(3)米氏凯伦藻去藻过滤液对盐生杜氏藻产生抑制作用,二氧化碳浓度升高加剧了这种抑制作用。     

Nautilus矿业公司SMS勘探中采用的取样技术与装备

海底大块状硫化物(SMS)富含铜、锌、铅等金属,特别是富含贵金属金、银,引起了国际采矿业的浓厚兴趣。近年来,以澳大利亚Nautilus矿业公司为先驱代表的国际大型资源开发商和投资商已介入海底多金属硫化物的商业化开采。文中介绍了Nautilus公司在巴布亚新几内亚专属经济区针对海底块状硫化物矿床开展的一系列以商业开采为目的的勘探取样活动,详细介绍了勘探中所采用的基本方法与技术,并重点对其地质调查中所应用的拖网挖掘取样、ROV海底表面取样、大洋钻探船岩芯取样和专门开发的ROV岩芯钻探取样的装备、取样结果及作业效率进行了较为系统全面地介绍。