Fractal properties of crater ejecta outlines on Venus

Fractal property or self-similarity exists abundantly in many aspects in our universe. Fractals are rich in geology and have certain relations to various geological processes. This article presents analyses of fractal properties of 18 impact crater ejecta margins on the surface of Venus. The structured walk method was used to measure the length of perimeter of the ejecta margin and the resulting Richardson plots were investigated. EveryR-plot has a first linear part, a second part and a main scattering part. The variations seen in the second part include information on the formation and geology of the crater ejectas. The fractal dimension of the second part is related to the perimeter of the ejecta and thus to the impact energy. The ratio of the square of the perimeter to the area describes the lobateness of the ejecta and has a positive correlation to the perimeter in a way similar to that between the fractal dimension of the second part and the perimeter. Two linear subparts in the second part indicate different fractal properties due to various processes dominating on different scales. Scattering in the middle of the second part indicates the scale and type of the ejecta lobes. The smooth scattering over the entire second part is related to impact angle and energy. A threshold value beyond which the structured walk method cannot be used was observed at a ruler length of about 1/10 of the perimeter.     

流体 花岗岩 金矿

流体地质研究是当代地学研究中的重要前沿课题，已成为发展地质科学、建立新的知识体系的一个主要支柱和知识生长点。本文阐述了当今国内外流体的研究现状、发展水平、流体的涵义、性质、研究方法和研究重点及其与板块构造、变质作用、岩浆作用、成矿作用、成矿作用的重要意义。流体地质为地质科学提出了许多新的研究机会和挑战。该文在简要评述当今花岗岩研究现状的基础上，对花岗岩与金矿的关系进行了深入的讨论，指出了不同成因类型的花岗岩与金矿有着完全不同的关系。人们所说的花岗岩与金矿关系多数情况下应考虑是流体作用的结果。最后指出加强流体地质研究对提高河南地质与金矿的研究水平具有十分重要的实际意义和理论意义。     

Beaming Effects in GRBs and Orphan Afterglows

The overall dynamical evolution and radiation mechanism of γ-ray burst (GRB) jets are briefly introduced. Various interesting topics concerning beaming in GRBs are discussed, including jet structures, orphan afterglows and cylindrical jets. The possible connection between GRBs and neutron stars is also addressed.     

Circular Polarization in Pulsar Integrated Profiles： Updates

We update the systematic studies of circular polarization in integrated pulse profiles by Han et al. Data of circular polarization profiles are compiled. Sense reversals can occur in core or cone components, or near the intersection between components. The correlation between the sense of circular polarization and the sense of position angle variation for conal-double pulsars is confirmed with a much large database. Circular polarization of some pulsars has clear changes with frequency. Circular polarization of millisecond pulsars is marginally different from that of normal pulsars.     

A Two—Temperature Supernova Fallback Disk Model for Anomalous X—ray Pulsars

We present a case study of the relevance of the radially pulsational instability of a two-temperature accretion disk around a neutron star to anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs). Our estimates are based on the approximation that such a neutron star disk with mass in the range of 10^-6-10^-5M⊙ is formed by supernova fallback. We derive several peculiar properties of the accretion disk instability: a narrow interval of X-ray pulse periods; lower X-ray luminosities; a period derivative and an evolution time scale. All these results are in good agreement with the observations of the AXPs.     

城市规划信息系统初探

城市规划信息系统作为城市地理信息系统的一个重要的专题分支系统 ,是城市规划体系的基础和纽带。因此 ,通过研究城市规划信息系统的基础理论来指导城市规划信息系统的具体实践 ,进而实现城市可持续发展的战略 ,具有重要意义。     

WGS-84与北京54坐标的转换问题

GPS测量得到的是WGS-84中的地心空间直角坐标，而工程施工中通常使用地方独立坐标系，要求得到地方平面坐标。如何实现两者的转换，一直是工程施工中关心的热点问题。介绍了从GPS定位结果至平面坐标的两种转换模型。平面转换模型原理简单，数值稳定可靠，但只适用于小范围的GPS测量；空间转换模型可用于大范围GPS测量，按实际情况又分为7参数转换和3参数转换两种。鉴于54坐标点的大地高通常不能精确得知，对这两种转换方法得到的平面坐标的精度进行了比较，得出大地高精度主要表现为对高程的影响，对平面坐标影响较小的结论。此外，还讨论了7参数与3参数模型对转换结果的影响。     

Runoff and sediment loss responses to rainfall and land use in two agricultural catchments on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil erosion is a severe problem hindering sustainable agriculture on the Loess Plateau of China. Plot experiments were conducted under the natural rainfall condition during 1995–1997 at Wangdongguo and Aobao catchments in this region to evaluate the effects of various land use, cropping systems, land slopes and rainfall on runoff and sediment losses, as well as the differences in catchment responses. The experiments included various surface conditions ranging from bare soil to vegetated surfaces (maize, wheat residue, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L., Stipa capillata L., buckwheat and Astragarus adsurgens L.). The measurements were carried out on hill slopes with different gradients (i.e. 0 ° to 36 °). These plots varied from 20 to 60 m in length. Results indicated that runoff and erosion in this region occurred mainly during summer storms. Summer runoff and sediment losses under cropping and other vegetation were significantly less than those from ploughed bare soil (i.e. without crop/plant or crop residue). There were fewer runoff and sediment losses with increasing canopy cover. Land slope had a major effect on runoff and sediment losses and this effect was markedly larger in the tillage plots than that in the natural grass and forest plots, although this effect was very small when the maximum rainfall intensity was larger than 58·8 mm/h or smaller than 2·4 mm/h. Sediment losses per unit area rose with increasing slope length for the same land slope and same land use. The effect of slope length on sediment losses was stronger on a bare soil plot than on a crop/plant plot. The runoff volume and sediment losses were both closely related to rainfall volume and maximum intensity, while runoff coefficient was mainly controlled by maximum rainfall intensity. Hortonian overland flow is the dominant runoff process in the region. The differences in runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment losses between the catchments are mainly controlled by the maximum rainfall intensity and infiltration characteristics. The Aobao catchment yielded much larger runoff volume, runoff coefficient and sediment than the Wangdongguo catchment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秦皇岛市青龙县城工程场地动力特征及分区评价

工程场地动力分区评价（即地震影响小区划），是在工程场地地震危险性分析的基础上，根据场地岩土动力特征及地形地貌、地质构造条件等对地震动影响的反应程度，从而对不同类型场地的地震效应作出评价．其成果可做为建筑抗震设计、工程加固、震害预测与对策的制定及土地合理利用和总体规划布局的依据．本文以秦皇岛市青龙县城工程场地为例，进行了工程场地动力特征研究与分区评价及震害预测（即工程场地地震影响小区划）。