机载遥感直接对地定位的误差分析和精度估计

利用ＧＰＳ、姿态测量装置、扫描激光测距及同步的遥感器组成的机载遥感三维信息获取系统是新型的空地直接对地定位遥感系统,由于各种误差的存在而最终影响到三维定位结果。本文简要说明了空地直接对地定位的基本原理、重点分析了各个误差项及其对定位结果的影响,并进行了误差传播和精度估计,取得了重要的结论。     

基于GPS、姿态和激光测距的三维遥感直接对地定位

传统的遥感对地定位是依据野外测设（或地图上量取）地面控制点采用立体像对或空间变换等原理进行的,而三维遥感直接对地定位采用了ＧＰＳ定位技术,姿态测量系统和扫描激光测距技术来直接对同步获取的遥感数据进行三维定位,能够实时（准实时）地得到地面点的三维位置和遥感信息,它具有快速实时（准实时）且无需地面控制,是遥感对地定位的重大突破。     

大别山高压-超高压变质期后伸展构造格局

大别山高压、超高压变质期后构造格架的最显著特征是以罗田片麻岩穹隆为核部的多层伸展拆离滑脱带的发育,并由它们将超高压变质单元、高压变质单元和蓝闪－绿片岩单元分隔成垂向叠置的席状岩片,类似于变质核杂岩的基本结构样式。这种伸展构造格架制约了高压、超高压岩石的展布,而在较大榴辉岩体中保存的缩短或挤压组构则是以高压、超高压变质作用为标志的陆－陆碰撞事件的记录。正确地区分挤压组构与伸展组构是识别大别山带内高压     

非静力平衡模式的中尺度非均匀初始场试验和锋面模拟

用非静力平衡二维中β－γ尺度大气模式,选取１９８７年欧洲的一次冷锋过程为个例,以法国的静力平衡模式的模拟结果为初始场,选用５ｋｍ,２５ｋｍ,４５ｋｍ３种水平格距进行了水平范围为２０００ｋｍ的模拟,结果表明：（１）中尺度非静力平衡模式应用非均匀初始场,而不加人为的初始扰动是可行的;（２）扰动量的初始场中π′的精度要求很高,应严格符合静力平衡条件,否则就会产生严重误差,甚至在一个时步内改变垂直速度;（３）５ｋｍ,２５ｋｍ,４５ｋｍ３种格距的对比模拟表明,５ｋｍ格距的非静力平衡模式能模拟出锋面上的多个中β尺度对流,且垂直速度场分布与实际最接近,而后两种格距只能模拟出锋面上的大范围上升区,不能细致地描述锋面对流结构。     

Decompression-metamorphism of Dabie Complex and rapid tectonic-uplift from deep level of the orogenic belt

The Dabie Complex can be divided into two metamorphic facies belts, granulite facies and amphibolite facies. Growth zoning in the inner segments of garnets is well preserved in the granulite belt. By contrast, garnets in the amphibolite belt have no composition variations in the inner segments, but show growth zoning in the outer segments. This may imply different incipient metamorphic history for the two metamorphic belts. However, both reaction textures and composition trends that reflect the decompression process are commonly in both of the two belts. Pressure decreased about 0.70 and 0. 85 GPa for the granulite and the amphibolite belts, respectively, estimated from mineral thermobarometers. The metamorphicP-T paths are characteristic of collision and subduction, implying that the Dabie Complex underwent rapid subsidence and rapid tectonic uplift. Uplift of the ultrahigh pressure eclogites in the region could also be related to the process.     

垂直形变速率梯度图的编绘

应用地壳形变资料观测未来强震的基本经验之一是：地震容易发生在变形高梯度带上,文中归纳并提出了具体计算和编绘“地壳垂直形谱速率梯度图”的方法,主要有网格法、函数拟合法及图解法。讨论了３种方法的特点和适用场合,并给出了用图解法编绘的“全图垂直形变速率梯度图！薄?     

Petrology, Metamorphic Process and Genesis of The Dabie--Sulu Eclogite Belt, Eastern--Central China

The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu high-pressure and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt wasformed by subduction and collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. The study ofthe eclogite belt is very important in understanding the evolution of the Qinling Dabie orogen. Inthe present paper the geology, petrology, minerology and chronology of the eclogites in the Dabieand Sulu areas are described. The principal conclusions of this work are as follows: (1) Based up-on the field occurrence and the P-T conditions of the eclogites, two types of eclogite can be dis-tinguished: Type 1—the low-temperature and high-pressure eclogite in the mid-late Proterozoicmetamorphic series, and Type 2—the ultra-high pressure eclogite in the late Archaean to earlyProterozoic metamorphic complex. In the Dabie area, the ultra-high-pressure eclogite,high-pressure eclogite and epidote-blueschist units are nearly parallel to each other and stretchintermittently from north to south. (2) The P-T conditions of the high-pressure eclogites and ul-tra-high pressure eclogites have been estimated. The former are formed at 450-550℃ and1.4-1.6 GPa; while the latter at 650-870℃ and >2.7-2.9 GPa in the Dabie area and at820-1000℃ and >2.8-3.1 GPa in the Sulu area. The metamorphic temperatures of the eclogitesincrease progressively from west to east. (3) The ultra-high pressure eclogites were subjected to 5stages of metamorphism: pre-eclogite epidote amphibolite facies, peak coesite eclogite facies,post-eclogite amphibolite facies, epidote-blueschist facies or epidote amphibolite facies andgreenschist facies. The general features of the PTt path of the ultra-high pressure eclogite are:clockwise pattern, progressive metamorphism being a process of slow increasing temperature andrapid increasing pressure, and the retrogressive section with nearly isothermal decompression atthe early stage, isobaric cooling at the middle stage and nearly isothermal decompression at thelate stage. (4) At least two stages of high-pressure metamorphism occurred in the orogenic belt:the high-pressure eclogite and ultra-high pressure eclogite were formed by the subduction of theoceanic crust northward beneath the North China plate or the Dabie block during theCaledonian; while the epidote-blueschist belt came into being by subdution and collision be-tween the two continental plates during the Indosinian. (5) Due to the continuous sequentialsubduction of the cold plate, the ultra high-presssure metamorphic rocks were uplifted to thecrust by the underplating processes. They can be preserved just because of the "frozen effect" re-sulting from the continuous subduction of the cold plate. (6) The carbonates, such as magnesite,breunnerite, aragonite and dolomite, and the H_2O-bearing minerals, such as phengite, epidoteand zoisite, were stable during the high-pressure and/or ultra-high pressure metamorphism.     

Fractal properties of outflows from Venusian impact craters

This article presents fractal analyses of 28 outflow margins from 18 Venusian impact craters. The fractal dimensions of the second parts of R-plots of the outflow outlines were measured by a three-step method. The fractality values for the same outflow measured from images which have only a small difference in resolution are very similar, while large differences in image resolution may result in differences in fractality, possibly due to the fact that we are actually studying geological processes on different scales. The outflows were classified into three general categories: single outflows, multiple outflows and outflow fields. Three conclusions were drawn on the relations between fractality and crater diameter, which may be related to the greater effects caused by the immediate local environment on the outflows from small craters than on those from larger craters. Investigation of the relations between the regional topography and fractality indicates that there are substantially less effects on outflows originating from large craters than on those from small craters. The smooth bending in the R-plot and the higher D-value for the multiple outflows could result from the mixing of various fractal or non-fractal units. When comparing our results with the fractality of terrestrial lava flows, outflows from craters of diameter greater than 50 km seem to resemble aa-type lava flows in their fractal dimensions and outflows from craters of diameter below 50 km tend to be more pahoehoe-like. This preliminary result is based on 28 outflows, however, and the pattern should be investigated more carefully by further more extensive work.     

淀山湖的浮游植物及其能量生产

浮游植物是水生生态系统中的初级生产者，系统地研究浮游植物的演变以及能量生产，对深入了解水生生态系统的结构和功能，保护和改善水质，都有理论和实际意义。因而引起国内外学者的普遍重视。关于湖泊浮游植物种类组成、密度、多样性指数、初级生产力及其与生态因素的关系的研究很多，但在淀山湖，尚缺乏这些方面，尤其是与环境变化的关系的系统研究。因此，作者在前人工作的基础上，较全面地报道了淀山湖浮游植物与水体环境变化的