SST日变化对西太平洋暖池海表热通量季节内变化的影响(英文)

基于利用日最大太阳辐射、日平均海面风和日降水量近似计算海表温度（SST）日变化的振幅的方法,发展了一个计算SST日循环的参数化方案。利用周平均SST强迫美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）的CCM3大气模式进行了有、无考虑SST日变化的比较试验。热带海洋与全球大气计划之耦合海气响应实验（TOGA COARE）的强化观测期间 IMET浮标的逐时海表观测资料不仅验证了该参数化方案的合理性,也表明了利用参数化方案对强迫场SST迭加日变化使CCM3较真实地模拟出西太平洋暖池海表热通量的季节内变化的位相结构。     

牛儿庄矿奥灰特大溃水灾害的治理研究

2004年9月25日牛儿庄矿发生了突水量达108m^3／min的特大溃水事故，直接威胁了相邻两个矿井的安全生产。通过调查分析认为此次突水水源为煤系基底奥陶系灰岩含水层，是他于牛儿庄矿井田范围内的水顺煤矿开采下架煤层突水而造成的。在突水通道、动水力等条件复杂的情况下，经过三个阶段的水害治理，效果达100％．为类似堵水治理工程提供了有益的借鉴．     

A soil‐water‐balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain

Rapidly depleting unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for irrigation on the North China Plain. Yet, despite its critical importance, groundwater recharge to the Plain remains an enigma. We introduce a one‐dimensional soil‐water‐balance model to estimate precipitation‐ and irrigation‐generated areal recharge from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data. To limit input data needs and to simplify calculations, the model assumes that water flows vertically downward under a unit gradient; infiltration and evapotranspiration are separate, sequential processes; evapotranspiration is allocated to evaporation and transpiration as a function of leaf‐area index and is limited by soil‐moisture content; and evaporation and transpiration are distributed through the soil profile as exponential functions of soil and root depth, respectively. For calibration, model‐calculated water contents of 11 soil‐depth intervals from 0 to 200 cm were compared with measured water contents of loam soil at four sites in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, over 3 years (1998–2001). Each 50‐m² site was identically cropped with winter wheat and summer maize, but received a different irrigation treatment. Average root mean‐squared error between measured and model‐calculated water content of the top 180 cm was 4·2 cm, or 9·3% of average total water content. In addition, model‐calculated evapotranspiration compared well with that measured by a large‐scale lysimeter. To test the model, 12 additional sites were simulated successfully. Model results demonstrate that drainage from the soil profile is not a constant fraction of precipitation and irrigation inputs, but rather the fraction increases as the inputs increase. Because this drainage recharges the underlying aquifer, improving irrigation efficiency by reducing seepage will not reverse water‐table declines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Long-term behaviors of two versions of FGOALS2 in preindustrial control simulations with implications for 20th century simulations

Climate drift in preindustrial control (PICTL) simulations can lead to spurious climate trends and large uncertainties in historical and future climate simulations in coupled models. This study examined the long-term behaviors and stabilities of the PICTL simulations in the two versions of FGOALS2 (the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model Version 2), which have been submitted to the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). As verified by examining time series of thermal fields and their linear trends, the PICTL simulations showed stable long-term integration behaviors and no obvious climate drift [the magnitudes of linear trends of SST were both less than 0.04oC (100 yr)-1] over multiple centuries. The changed SSTs in a century (that corresponded to the linear trends) were less than the standard deviations of annual mean values, which implied the internal variability was not affected. These trend values were less than 10% of those of global averaged SST from observations and historical runs during the periods of slow and rapid warming. Such stable long-term integration behaviors reduced the uncertainty of the estimation of global warming rates in the historical and future climate projections in the two versions of FGOALS2. Compared with the trends in the Northern Hemisphere, larger trends existed in the SST and sea ice extents at the middle to high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere (SH). To estimate the historical and future climate trends in the SH or at some specific regions in FGOALS2, corrections needed to be carried out. The similar long-term behaviors in the two versions of FGOALS2 may be attributed to proper physical processes in the ocean model.     

Ground observed climatology and trend in snow cover phenology across China with consideration of snow-free breaks

Accurate understanding of snow cover phenology and its changes is important to hydrological processes and climate system. Having recognized the potential uncertainties in remote sensing snow cover products, we used daily snow depth observations from 514 meteorological stations across China to investigate the spatiotemporal variations in snow cover phenology during 1970–2014. Climatologically, the snow cover onset date (D_o) and end date (D_e) as well as the number of snow cover days (D_s) depended on latitude at most stations outside of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). For the high-elevation stations, which were mainly in the TP, multiple snow-free breaks (SFBs) during the cold season made D_s insensitive to D_o and D_e. Furthermore, the number of SFBs (D_b) increased significantly with the rise in elevation, explaining why higher altitudes in TP did not necessarily have greater D_s values despite the earlier D_o and later D_e values. From 1970 to 2014, most stations in China exhibited delayed D_o and advanced D_e due mainly to the increased temperature, but such trends were significant at only 10.5% and 15.4% of the stations, respectively. During the same period, shortened D_s primarily occurred south of ~ 40° N, whereas the opposite ones dominated north of ~ 40° N. Most stations (except those in Hexi Corridor) with significant growth in D_s were characterized by delayed D_o and advanced D_e. Such a phenomenon of “increased snow cover days during shortened cold season” was due to the significant shrinkage in D_b values. The spatial pattern of the trends in annual total snow depth overall follows that of D_s, suggesting that the D_s, when takes SFBs into consideration, could be an indicator of variations of snow water resources in China. The trends in D_o, D_e and D_s were not elevation dependent in TP.

     

Seismic Damage to Owner-Built RC Frames in Charikot during the 2015 Nepal Earthquake Sequence

The damage to the masonry-infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings in Charikot, the capital city of Dolakha district in Nepal, during the 2015 April-to-May Nepal earthquake sequence is reported. Most of these buildings were built by the owners with little governmental inspections regarding their structural design or constructional quality. Although they generally performed better than other structural systems such as stone-masonry houses, the RC frames sustained extensive damage ranging from cracking of infill to complete collapse. In particular, eight of the 72 inspected RC frames alongside an uphill street collapsed in different ways. In addition to the un-engineered nature of these RC frames, their collapse could also be attributed to multiple technical reasons including the effect of terrain, the pounding between adjacent buildings and the accumulative damage in the earthquake sequence.     

基于测量笔的模具刻线测量

针对模具工业对于模具刻线检测的迫切需求,首次将测量笔式单相机位姿测量系统引入模具刻线测量。基于单片空间后方交会原理建立测量笔坐标系与世界坐标系的关系,通过公共点转换求解刻线上测量点的三维坐标;再将所有测量点与CAD模型进行比对,得到刻线精度(均方根值)。实际工程应用表明该系统摄站灵活方便,测量精度高,在3 m范围内测得刻线精度优于0.5 mm,完全可以满足大尺寸测量中的刻线检测精度要求。     

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基于AFM表征的页岩孔隙特征及其与解析气量关系

页岩储层的孔隙结构影响着页岩气的储集特性。为了较为真实地反映样品表面孔隙三维结构,著者选用原子力显微镜研究页岩微-纳米孔隙特征。以重庆市涪陵地区焦页1井（JY1）和渝参4井（YC4）典型样品为研究对象,用原子力显微镜表征岩样的微观结构,获取岩样的三维形貌图,分析岩样的孔隙分布特征和储集空间特征,构建代表岩样孔隙特征的参数。分别比较相同井号不同井段之间的特征参数差异和不同井号之间的特征参数差异,从而定量描述岩样的形貌特征。结合样品提取现场解析气量数据,建立JY1、YC4样品的解析气量与特征参数之间的关系。结果表明：JY1样品的储集空间密集,孔隙占的空间相对多,其微观结构更有利于气体的吸附和储集;结合两口井取心现场解析页岩气量分析发现,JY1、YC4样品的空间起伏度FDI与现场解析气量均呈现正相关关系。     

青海官亭盆地二方村遗址全新世土壤沉积物地层序列与OSL测年研究

通过野外考察观测,结合土壤学与沉积学多种指标测试分析,在官亭盆地喇家遗址东侧的二方村遗址建立了完整的全新世土壤沉积物地层序列。选择关键层位系统采集年代学样品,应用单片再生剂量法(SAR),进行光释光(OSL)年代测定,结合文化层考古断代,建立了可靠的土壤与沉积物地层年代框架。发现在全新世大暖期温暖湿润气候条件之下,以风成堆积为主的基础上,发育形成了肥沃疏松的黑垆土类古土壤,成为史前人类种植农业开发利用的宝贵资源。但是全新世大暖期后期全球性气候恶化背景条件下,在二方村遗址OSL年龄3940～3780a BP之间,对应喇家遗址~(14)C年龄3850～3600a BP期间,官亭盆地发生多场大地震,加上全球气候恶化致使青藏高原边缘频繁发生强对流天气,造成大规模暴雨山洪泥流事件频繁发生,导致黑垆土发育的突然中断。黄河北岸第二级阶地的肥沃黑垆土类土壤被厚达1.0～4.0 m坚硬贫瘠的红色黏土覆盖。这不仅毁灭了以稷粟类谷物种植为主的喇家村齐家文化大型聚落(4150～3850a BP),也导致土壤与土地资源严重退化。由此可知,从4200a BP开始的全球性气候恶化,对青藏高原东北边缘环境敏感带造成了严重影响,灾害性地表过程造成了黄河第二级阶地土壤土地资源严重退化。这些都成为驱动官亭盆地在3600a BP时期辛店/卡约文化原始农牧混合型土地利用方式形成的重要因素。该研究结果对于深入理解青藏高原东北边缘资源环境演变、自然灾害以及人地关系演变规律等,都具有十分重要的科学价值。