基于1984～2022年榆林市地质灾害记录对其时空分布规律分析

地质灾害时空分布规律研究是制定地质灾害防治计划和落实防灾减灾措施的重要基础。笔者系统分析1984～2022年榆林市有记录的527组地质灾害数据,总结榆林市地质灾害的时空分布规律。空间上,榆林市地质灾害主要发生于清涧、子洲、米脂等县域,在地貌上以黄土丘陵沟壑区为主,黄河沿岸土石山区次之,风沙滩地区不发育。在时间上,年内地质灾害发生主要集中在7～10月汛期,月内集中于7月11～15日,冻融期均有分布且致死人数最多。灾害数量、致死人数越多,其重现期越长。子洲县年地质灾害致死概率最高（16.5%）,其次为米脂县（9.8%）和府谷县（5.6%）。由此提出下一步工作建议：①加强汛期降雨量与地质灾害发生概率定量关系研究,完善地质灾害气象预警阈值。②加强冻融机理研究,建立冻融型地质灾害防御方案。③加强“风险点+危险区”的双控机制研究。     

攀枝花地区基性-碱性岩系Th、Ta、Hf地球化学特征

攀枝花地区的基性—碱性岩系,是一套与钒钛磁铁矿、稀土矿、铍、钪、镓等多种矿产有关的含矿岩浆岩系。该岩系的Th、Ta、Hf地球化学特征极为相似,其Th/Hf比值在0.3～1.0之间,Ta/Hf比值更为接近,在0.2～0.5之间。在Th/Hf-Ta/Hf双对数图上,该岩系的源区特征和演化特征非常明显。此结果与峨嵋山地区的玄武岩和会东地区的基性岩系对比,Th、Ta、Hf特征都十分相近,因此该区原来被认为是两个地质时期(华力西期与印支期)的岩系,实际上是同一地质时期(华力西晚期)同源但不同阶段的产物,均是与峨嵋地幔柱关系密切的峨嵋玄武岩浆演化的结果。     

微量元素在湖积物、土壤的垂向分布与稻谷中的分配

报道了“江苏省国土生态地球化学调查”项目有关湖积物、土壤柱微量元素垂向分布及稻谷样元素分配研究的初步成果。通过对有关样品元素含量的分析对比,指出洪泽湖沉积柱元素垂向分布与其动荡的沉积环境关系密切、太湖局部沉积物在其目前20cm以上深度存在人为重金属污染,这二湖沉积物中其氮与总有机碳含量呈显著正相关;认为城市化可使当地土壤环境受重金属等污染的深度显著加大、城市土壤环境受人为活动的影响要显著高于农村;发现Mo易富集于稻米、重金属与营养元素易富集于稻皮、各元素在米-谷间的分配关系不确定。     

石油钻井工程中岩层蠕变速率及蠕变参数分析

石油勘探开发工程中,盐膏岩层及含膏泥岩由于具有较低的渗透特性,往往是大型油气藏的封闭层。由于盐层具有较大的流变特性,盐层钻井技术成为钻井工程中的重大技术难题。通过对某一勘探井盐岩层及含膏泥岩井眼不同时间间隔下的井眼测试,获得了井眼地层盐岩及软泥岩等岩层的蠕变速率。采用幂指数流变本构模型对盐岩及软泥岩的蠕变速率进行了分析,通过反演获得了该地质区块盐岩及软泥岩的蠕变参数。该参数能进一步用于对盐岩钻井过程中钻井液密度的优化分析中。     

Land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River, northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau: classification and evaluation

Land degradation imposes a great threat to the world. It is not merely an environmental issue, but also a social and economic problem. Land desertification is among the main aspects of environment changes in the source region of the Yellow River. Previous studies focused on water resource utilization and soil erosion, but land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River even the whole Qinghai-Xizang Plateau received little attention. Based on the data obtained by field investigation and TM satellite images of 2000, this study provides the classification and evaluation information of the land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River. There are six types of land degradation in this region: water erosion in the northern mountains around the Gonghe Basin, sandy desertification in the Gonghe Basin and Upland Plain Area, aridization in the lower reaches, salinization in the Gonghe Basin, vegetation degradation in the intramontance basin and freezing and thawing erosion in the high mountains. The total degraded area is 34,429.6 km², making up 37.5% of the land in the study area. Finally, land degradation in the source region of the Yellow River was evaluated according to changes in the physical structure and chemical component of soils, land productivity, secondary soil salt and water conditions.     

皖苏若干新生代火山岩的钾氩年龄和铅锶同位素特征

根据皖苏地区16个新生代玄武质火山岩的K-Ar年龄结果,认为该区新生代火山活动可以分为老第三纪(65—35Ma,主要在安徽),中新世(16—8Ma,主要在江苏)和更新世(0.6Ma,安徽女山)三期。玄武岩的铅锶同位素组成表明它们反映了其地幔岩浆源区的特征,及源区的不均一性,它们可能分别来源于比较原始的地幔和比较亏损的地幔,并有一定的混合和近期的富集作用。     

抗拔桩设计方法

当地下水位较高时,地下车库等附属建筑物不得不对抗浮问题进行考虑,抗拔桩被越来越多的应用于工程中。依据工程实例对抗拔桩设计荷载条件、抗浮桩单桩承载力设计、抗浮桩桩身结构设计、群桩地基整体稳定性、单位面积抗浮力、抗拔桩抗裂分别进行了阐述,以及抗拔桩设计中应考虑的问题进行了论述。     

洼地开采地下水的地质环境效应研究——以天津市黄港洼应急水源地为例

天津市是我国水资源缺乏、人均占有淡水资源最少的城市之一,也是我国地面沉降最为严重的地区之一。地面沉降现已成为天津市的主要地质灾害,并在一定程度上制约着天津城镇的可持续发展。天津市平原区洼地众多,这些洼地大部分是天津市的湿地分布区。在洼地内建设应急地下水水源地,既可以起到为城区供水,缓解城区的地面沉降,又可以改善洼地生态环境的作用。     

Oxidative pre-treatment in thiosulphate leaching of sulphide gold ores

A diagnostic leaching showed that partial oxidation of the sulphide minerals in a gold ore was beneficial for thiosulphate leaching of gold. A pre-treatment process with oxidative ammoniacal solution enhanced the thiosulphate leaching of the sulphide ore, while the thiosulphate consumption was substantially reduced. The sulphide minerals partially decomposed in the pre-treatment process, exposing gold to the leach solution. Oxygen input by air bubbling and a longer contact time enhanced the oxidative ammonia pre-treatment process and hence accelerated subsequent thiosulphate leaching of the sulphide ore. Gold extraction in 0.8 M ammonia and 0.1 M thiosulphate solution after 24 h increased from 69% without pre-treatment to 81%, 84%, 90% and 94% respectively after 1, 3, 7 and 22 h pre-treatment. The consumption of sodium thiosulphate was 2.37 kg/t after 24 h leaching without pre-treatment, but was negligible after over 1 h oxidative ammonia pre-treatment. A counter-current leaching process was conducted in the leaching of the sulphide ore. The fresh leachant still gave higher leaching rates in contact with the pre-leached ore, while the pre-used leachant had significantly lower leaching kinetics and overall gold extraction in contact with the fresh ore. This 2-step counter-current leaching process proved that the leachant, other than the passivation, was the determinant factor causing the gold leaching rates to decrease after a certain time of leaching. The findings enable the thiosulphate leaching of high sulphide containing gold ores to be more efficient at lower thiosulphate consumption following the oxidative ammoniacal pre-treatment.     

Analysis on Marine Science and Technology Strategy and Key Layout of Japan and the Inspirations to China

The Basic Ocean Law (BOL) and Basic Ocean Plan (BLP) are important guarantee for the maritime strategy of Japan, which has established a complete policy system for the development of marine science and technology. On the other hand, the Japanese Government has started some major marine strategies and plans to promote the BLP. In this paper, the marine science and technology plans launched by the Japanese Government and its participation in the international cooperative research projects were introduced. The research of Japan Marine Science and Technology Center and the University of Tokyo Institute of Oceanography in the long-term planning and focus on the layout features, deep sea research technology layout, contents and advanced equipment were analyzed. At last, some recommendations for China’s development on marine science and technology were proposed, such as strengthening the legislation work and process, carrying out research and development of marine infrastructure with independent intellectual property rights, actively participating in international large-scale ocean plan, improving the discourse right and enhancing national maritime awareness and suggestions and so on.