Fractionation,distribution and transport of mercury in rivers and tributaries around Wanshan Hg mining district,Guizhou Province,Southwestern China: Part 2 – Methylmercury

Water samples were collected during normal flow (2007) and during a drought period (2008) from five rivers and tributaries draining the Wanshan Hg mining district, Guizhou, China. Unfiltered methylmercury (MeHg) as well as particulate and dissolved fractions of MeHg (P-MeHg, D-MeHg) were measured to assess the spatial and temporal variation of MeHg contamination in the local river system. Most locations (about 80%) displayed higher MeHg concentrations during drought period than during normal discharge conditions. Concentrations of MeHg during the drought period ranged from <0.035 to 11 ng L⁻¹ (geometric mean: 0.43), while during normal flow the concentrations ranged from <0.035 to only 3.4 ng L⁻¹ (geometric mean: 0.21). Concentrations of MeHg were positively correlated with total Hg (THg) concentrations (R² = 0.20–0.58, P < 0.001) and inversely related to distance from the calcines, during both sampling periods (R² = 0.34 and 0.23, P < 0.001, for low and normal flow, respectively) indicating that calcines may be important sources of MeHg to the downstream environment. Approximately 39% of MeHg was bound to particulates and the rest was transported in the dissolved phase along stretches of the entire river, which was different from THg, as this was mainly transported bound to particulates (commonly more than 80%).     

辽宁省电线积冰特征与电网冰区划分研究

采用辽宁省11个电线积冰观测气象站1980-2007年的观测资料,分析了辽宁省电线积冰现象的特点,并结合历史电网冰灾事故调查情况及易发生冰灾事故的气候特点对辽宁省电网冰区进行了初步划分.结果表明:电线积冰现象的空间分布不均匀,大致具有辽东南、东北、辽东湾东北岸地区电线积冰现象较多的特点,且大部分地区雾凇日数多于雨凇;电线积冰日数的年际间波动较大,可发生在10月至次年4月,1月最多,11月雨凇明显居多.气象站观测到的最大冰厚、直径、冰重分别为53mm、68 mm和196 g,折算成最大标准冰厚、100 a一遇最大设计冰厚为6.6、7.8 mm.各地观测到的最大冰重多以雨凇出现,最长连续时间为4 d;气温低于0℃时,雨凇形成一般具有降雨和降温过程,雾凇形成一般具有空气湿度高、风速小的特点.2007年3月4日,红沿河核电厂气象站记录到辽宁省历史以来所观测记录到的最强电线积冰事件,其标准冰厚为25.7 mm,属重冰程度.可将辽宁全省30a、50 a一遇冰区均划分为轻冰区,而位于辽东湾东部的营口、盖州、熊岳、瓦房店沿海一带为100 a一遇的中冰区,红沿河核电厂附近地区为100 a一遇的重冰区.     

鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7沉积相分析

三叠纪延长期长7沉积期是鄂尔多斯盆地中生代湖盆发育的鼎盛时期,沉陷幅度大,湖盆范围广。通过研究明确了长7沉积期物源来自盆地周边五个方向,其中东北部、西南部为主要物源方向,西部、南部、西北部为次要物源方向;长7主要发育三角洲相和湖泊相,进一步划分出5种亚相10种微相,其中长73期湖盆面积最大,半深湖—深湖相浊积砂体不发育,暗色泥岩及高阻泥岩发育,为中生界主要优质烃源岩;长72期,半深湖—深湖相沉积面积明显减少,浊积砂体较发育;长71期,湖盆面积及半深湖-深湖相沉积面积继续减少,浊积砂体最为发育,是长7油藏的主力储层。     

对比加权评分法在边坡治理方案优选中的应用

通过对量化指标和定性指标的评分,用对比法确定各因素权值,用加权评分法对各方案进行优选,得出最优方案。以实例分析了该方法的应用,计算结果表明：该方法简易可行,减少了目标的客观权重与实际情况之间的误差。     

三叠纪巨型季风在上扬子地区的沉积学记录

欧美研究者一系列的实验都显示三叠纪时期泛大陆存在巨型季风;三叠纪上扬子地区位于特提斯洋北缘,其是否存在巨型季风的影响以及其影响程度如何值得关注。一系列的沉积学记录显示上扬子地区在三叠纪亦受到巨型季风的强烈影响,这主要表现在:1)早三叠世飞仙关期纹层状沉积岩;2)早三叠世飞仙关期普遍存在的风暴岩;3)晚三叠世卡尼期碳酸盐生产力危机;4)晚三叠世须家河期明显的化石木年轮。上扬子地区沉积记录显示,早三叠世早期和晚三叠世卡尼期是三叠纪巨型季风最为剧烈的时期,本文认为P/T界限生物大灭绝引发的Gaia效应和卡尼期特提斯域强烈的构造活动极可能是这两次巨型季风极盛发育的主导因素。     

准噶尔盆地乌夏逆冲断裂带三叠纪-侏罗纪构造控扇规律及时空演化

通过研究准噶尔盆地西北缘乌夏逆冲断裂带三叠系-侏罗系构造层序、沉积相及断裂特征,认为三叠纪-侏罗纪时期是在二叠纪前陆盆地完全消亡、洋壳俯冲彻底结束后发育的板内挤压陆内坳陷盆地,主要发育冲积扇-扇三角洲-辫状河-湖泊沉积体系,其中扇体发育代表了最典型的沉积特征,反映了构造活动的期次和强度,具有"构造指相性",从下至上划分为三叠系亚构造层序、侏罗系八道湾组-西山窑组亚构造层序和侏罗纪头屯河组-齐古组亚构造层序。分析表明三叠纪-侏罗纪扇体叠置迁移的总体趋势为:T1b-J1b期在扇体总体由盆内向盆缘退缩的背景下,呈现并夹杂两个短期内由盆缘向盆内再盆缘的进退波动变化(T1b-T2k1期、T3b2-J1b1期),即三叠纪-侏罗纪扇体的沉积展布具后退式夹短暂推进式叠置迁移特点。相应地,三叠纪-侏罗纪以形成近东西向和东西向断裂为主,并从盆地内向山前方向依次后展式发育,其间夹杂短暂的前展式发育特征,构造活动强度逐渐由南向北、由西向东迁移。因此,绝大多数同生断裂控制了扇体的沉积边界和分布,部分控制了其厚度和发育方向,扇体的迁移与控扇断裂的活动迁移具有很好的吻合性,断裂活动是控制乌夏地区沉积的主要因素。最终建立了三叠纪-侏罗纪构造控扇响应模式,并划分为三个发育阶段:早三叠世坳陷初期旱地扇发育阶段、中晚三叠世坳陷鼎盛期湿地扇发育阶段、扇三角洲发育阶段和侏罗纪的坳陷填充期陆上平原发育阶段,从早至晚,气候经历了一个由干旱到潮湿,由潮湿变干旱再到潮湿的旋回过程。     

浅析地质雷达技术在我国的发展及应用

我国从上世纪八十年代开始引进地质雷达技术,到现在已经发展的相当成熟了。地质雷达技术以其高分辨率、无损性、高效率,以及操作简单、抗干扰能力强等优越性,迅速广泛地应用于路基路面质量检测,城市基础设施探测,隧道工程及地质调查等领域,成为一种不可缺少的地球物理勘探手段。这里在总结大量前人研究的基础上,对地质雷达技术在我国的发展历程作一个简单的回顾,并分析了地质雷达技术现阶段在我国的应用情况,最后指出了地质雷达技术未来的发展方向。     

河北省夏季空气污染过程气象条件

利用NCEP再分析格点资料、常规观测资料,统计分析了2005-2007年7-9月河北省典型的10次空气污染过程与气象要素、天气系统的关系。结果表明:河北省夏季典型污染过程的主要天气类型与冬季环流形式差别较大,可分为纬向型、低压槽前型、副热带高压外围型等;空气污染过程发生日多以雾、霾天气为主,05:00-08:00时(北京时)的能见度最小,地面观测资料的温度露点差(T-T_d)小于等于3℃;高空无明显的垂直运动或系统性弱下沉运动,近地层弱气压场、风场,不利于空气中污染物的扩散;近地层存在逆温,稳定的层结使空气污染得以持续;过程后期,因冷空气活动产生降水,空气污染减弱、结束。     

十一运会开幕式消（减）雨作业数值模拟研究

利用中科院大气所开发并发展的三维对流云模式对十一届全运会开幕式当天影响山东的对流过程进行了数值模拟和过量催化试验。结果表明模拟自然云与观测事实吻合较好;设计96组催化方案对该个例进行消(减)雨模拟试验、催化试验表明,在模拟云3.5km高度的最大过冷水含量中心引入3600.0g碘化银催化剂,连续催化消(减)雨效果较好(地面降水总量减少97.5%),此次模拟对比分析了模拟自然云与催化云,从微观上探讨了消(减)雨的基本原理,模拟所用催化剂量、催化部位与当天山东人影办的作业实际基本一致,对指导实际作业有一定的参考价值。     

OSL chronology of sand deposits and climate change of last 18 ka in Gurbantunggut Desert,northwest China

The development of the Gurbantunggut Desert is mainly controlled by the Westerly wind, and at present has little influence from Indian and Southeast Asian monsoons. A combined study using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) surveys and climatic proxies analysis was carried out in the southern part of the desert. The chronology extends back to 18 ka and is constructed based on 16 OSL ages from boreholes in the linear dune body and the inter‐dune area. The chronology suggests that sand deposition in the last 18 ka experienced two rapid accumulation phases at 11 and 2.5 ka ago which were also evident from the GPR surveys. These periods relate to increased aridity in the region. Five climate phases are identified from the last 18 ka, based on the OSL chronology and climatic proxy analysis with grain size and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The deglacial period (18.3–10.4 ka) is characterized by climate instability and possible glacial melting events. The Holocene Optimum peaked 8.5 ka and terminated 3.6 ka ago, when the regional climate became arid. OSL samples from the dune body cluster around 2.5 ka, which indicates rapid advance/extension of dune bodies at this time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.