试论层状铜矿的三种主要成因模式

层状铜矿是铜矿资源中仅次于斑岩铜矿的重要矿床类型,包含多种成因机制,历来有同生与后生之争。本文归纳了这类铜矿的３种成因模式,即“沉积－成岩”、“沉积－喷气”和“沉积－改造”模式,讨论了它们的不同特征和机制,以及三者之间的相互关系。文中对“沉积－改造”模式进行了重点讨论,并强调了这一成矿作用的意义。     

Non-adiabatic interactions in excitedC 2 H molecules and their relationship toC 2 formation in comets

A unified picture of the photodissociation of theC ₂ H radical has been developed using the results from the latest experimental and theoretical work. This picture shows that a variety of electronic states ofC ₂ are formed during the photodissociation of theC ₂ H radical even if photoexcitation accesses only one excited state. This is because the excited states have many avoided corssings and near intersections where two electronic states come very close to one another. At these avoided crossings and near intersections, the excited radical can hop from one electronic state to another and access new final electronic states of theC ₂ radical. The complexity of the excited state surfaces also explains the bimodal rotational distributions that are observed in all of the electronic states studied. The excited states that dissociate through a direct path are limited by dynamics to produceC ₂ fragments with a modest amount of rotational energy, whereas those that dissociate by a more complex path have a greater chance to access all of phase space and produce fragments with higher rotational excitation. Finally, the theoretical transition moments and potential energy curves have been used to provide a better estimate of the photochemical lifetimes in comets of the different excited states of theC ₂ H radical. The photochemically active states are the 2²₊, 2²II, 3²II, and 3²₊, with photodissociation rate constants of 1.0×10^–6, 4.0×10^–6, 0.7×10^–6, and 1.3×10^–6s^–1, respectively. These rate constants lead to a total photochemical lifetime of 1.4×10⁵ s.     

“磨拉石建造”和“不整合”在地层对比中的意义——以扬子地块及其北缘晚前寒武纪地层为例

扬子地块及其北缘晚前寒武纪地层划分对比争议较大,主要是对“地层不整合”和“磨拉石建造”存在认识上的分歧,笔者据现代构造理论,对地壳变形和沉积建造的控制作用认为,地层不整合可以发育在被动大陆边缘形成初始阶段的裂谷期和裂谷期后,又可产生于造山作用过程;磨拉石建造应按构造动力学背景划分为拉张型、挤压型和剪切型三类;它们分别代表了威尔逊旋回不同阶段的产物。     

粗差的自动定位与剔除──鲜水河断裂带水平形变监测网的可靠性分析

讨论了多个粗差的定位方法──“向前、向后”探测法,并编制了相应的平差计算程序,对鲜水河断裂带上具有代表意义的虾拉沱小测边网和老乾宁小测边网进行了粗差探测与自动剔除,结果表明效果显著,方法简单、有效。     

苍山Ms5.2级地震前后地震前兆综合加权信息量的变化

地震前兆综合加权信息量是在地震综合信息量的基础上,改进了地震前兆异常出现概率的计算方法后,得出的一种综合预报新方法。其特点是：1．所有的异常都取自每年年底的山东省地震会商报告,而不是取自地震后的震例总结或论文;2．利用“地震预报专家系统”的思想对每一异常事件进行综合评估。考虑到异常的可靠性、有效性、显著性及相互关联性给予不同的权重,以每一异常的最可能发震时来估算异常出现的概率,计算了山东地区1990年以来地震前兆综合加权信息量,分析了1995年9月20日苍山Ms5．2级地震前这种信息量变化的特点。     

Meiofauna Distribution in Intertidal Sandy Beaches Along China Shoreline(18?–40?N)

In this study,the distribution pattern of meiofauna from nine sandy beaches at six latitudinal gradients along Chinese coast between 18 and 40?N was studied on their meiofauna abundance to examine the effect of latitudinal gradients.In general,meiofauna abundance was lower in four subtropical beaches in Xiamen(24?N) and Zhoushan(29?N) than that in other beaches.Meiofauna abundance differed little between tropical and temperate beaches.The taxonomic structure of meiofauna showed a dominance of nematode in colder area.The relative composition of turbellarians and polychaetes increased in warmer area.In addition to latitudinal gradient,salinity,oxygenation,sediment grain size affect also the meiofauna latitudinal distribution.As for horizontal distribution,the highest meiofauna abundance was found in low tidal zone at tropical beaches,and in middle tidal zone at temperate beaches.The horizontal distribution of meiofauna was controlled by both physical and biotic factors including feeding and anthropogenic activities.Although meiofauna abundance exhibited a horizontal difference,the composition of meiofaunal main taxa was unanimous horizontally at all beaches at the same sampling latitude.     

极轨卫星高层通道在GRAPES同化系统中的应用

针对GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)模式三维变分系统高层背景场温湿廓线外推方案的局限性,提出以气候垂直廓线重新构造高层温湿垂直结构,以减小外推方案的偏差。首先采用一维变分同化系统,展开模拟实验:分析目前模式中使用的外推方案误差及其对反演结果的影响,利用高层大气气候廓线构造垂直结构并分析同化偏差。最后,运用GRAPES全球分析预报系统进行同化实验并分析改进程度。结果显示:模拟研究表明采用高层背景场温湿廓线外推方案与实际观测相比最大偏差在1 h Pa附近可达数十度以上,不仅影响平流层,而且对对流层也有影响;用气候温度数据修正GRAPES高层温度数据,可以减少50%以上的偏差,证明了用气候值高层数据优化现行GRAPES模式中同化系统高层插值方案的可行性。全球GRAPES三维变分同化试验结果显示,改进方案不仅显著的改善平流层分析质量,对对流层中高层也有改进。     

昆明地热田的成因与外延

在昆明地热田外围万溪冲成功钻探深度2 001.6m,井口水温55℃,涌水量1 230m3/d的探采结合井。通过此次钻探研究验证了对云南省层状热储形成规律的认识,一是在碳酸盐岩地层埋深足够大,按地温梯度推算碳酸盐岩热储层温度达到45℃以上的地段,均具有钻凿可利用的地热水井的地热地质条件,尤其是在断陷盆地中;二是震旦系上统灯影组和下寒武统渔户村组碳酸盐岩地层分布稳定,其中的不整合面、断裂构造是深层承压水传输的通道,形成了地热水深远程径流,导致了深岩溶发育,因此是普遍存在的地热水储层。根据以上认识和本次勘探取得的新突破,结合研究区的地质、水文地质资料进行分析推断,将昆明地热田东南边界由呈贡吴家营附近向南推进至晋城镇南边,外延20余km。     

护底条件下淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷试验

淹没丁坝是一种典型的航道工程整治建筑物,工程实施中坝头附近局部冲刷防护问题尤为重要。为研究护底条件下的淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷特性问题,采用正态模型试验方法,重点研究了护底条件下淹没丁坝坝头局部冲刷坑形态、最大深度与护底宽度的变化响应规律,结果表明,护底条件下坝头局部冲刷坑位于护底边缘附近,当护底宽度小于20 m左右时,最大冲刷深度变化较小,但冲刷坑位置有所远离坝体,最大冲刷深度随着护底宽度的变化规律可用指数关系表达。基于量纲分析原理,建立了粉细沙河床护底条件下淹没丁坝局部冲刷最大深度计算公式。