Development of Rock Bolt Elements in Two-Dimensional Discontinuous Deformation Analysis

Computer modeling can be used to explore and gain new insights into the impacts of rock bolt intersecting joints in rock masses, and to estimate the effectiveness of the rock reinforcement system. In order to achieve this goal, we couple a rock bolt element into the two-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA^2D) program. The coupling algorithm is based on the analytically-derived interface behavior between a rock bolt and the rock material for grouted rock bolts. The shear force generated by slippage along the interface is assumed to have a linear relationship with respect to the relative slipping distance between the rock bolt and the rock. The linear elastic criterion is applied to determine the material behavior of rock bolts before the axial stress reaches the yield value. The pullout tests are simulated to verify the coupling algorithm and the effects of the proposed rock bolt elements. Parametrical studies are also carried out to analyze the effectiveness of the rock bolts under various end conditions, joint locations and bond stiffness. In addition, the performance of the rock bolt during the interface debonding is analyzed using two types of constitutive laws, i.e., the friction law and the reduction law. The simulation results show that the proposed rock bolt models can predict the shear forces and axial loading along the rock bolts.     

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Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）, central high Himalayas since 1976

Glaciers are one of the most important land covers in alpine regions and especially sensitive to global climate change. Remote sensing has proved to be the best method of investigating the extent of glacial variations in remote mountainous areas. Using Landsat thematic mapping (TM) and multi-spectral-scanner (MSS) images from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP), central high Himalayas for 1976, 1988 and 2006, we derived glacial extent for these three periods. A combination of object-oriented image interpretation methods, expert knowledge rules and field surveys were employed. Results showed that (1) the glacial area in 2006 was 2710.17 ± 0.011 km² (about 7.41% of the whole study area), and located mainly to the south and between 4700 m to 6800 m above sea level; (2) from 1976 to 2006, glaciers reduced by 501.91 ± 0.035 km² and glacial lakes expanded by 36.88 ± 0.035 km²; the rate of glacier retreat was higher in sub-basins on the southern slopes (16.79%) of the Himalayas than on the northern slopes (14.40%); most glaciers retreated, and mainly occurred at an elevation of 4700–6400 m, and the estimated upper limit of the retreat zone is between 6600 m and 6700 m; (3) increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the study period are the key factors driving retreat.     

模糊模式识别神经网络预测模型及其应用

提出了模糊模式识别神经网络预测模型,开辟了神经网络拓朴结构建模的新思路。模型的激励函数采用了模糊模式识别模型。最后给出中长期水文预测的应用实例。     

鄱阳湖苔草洲滩湿地土壤胞外酶活性和化学计量比的高程变化特征

土壤胞外酶参与土壤的生物化学过程,其活性和化学计量比能够反映土壤微生物的功能动态.然而,目前湿地生态系统中催化不同生物地球化学关键过程的土壤胞外酶的活性和化学计量比随高程的变化特征还不清楚.以鄱阳湖苔草洲滩湿地6个不同高程样带的表层土壤(0～10 cm)为研究对象,通过测定与土壤碳、氮、磷循环相关的7种水解酶的活性,分...     

中蒙边境及邻区斑岩型铜矿床地质特征及成因

依据金属矿床围岩岩性组合和成矿作用特征，将中蒙边境及邻区分布的斑岩铜矿床(点)划分为3种类型：①加里东期经典型斑岩铜矿床(点)；②海西期经典型和火山岩型斑岩铜矿床；③燕山期深成岩型和火山岩型斑岩铜矿床。在较详细剖析各类金属矿床(点)基本地质特征的基础上，划分了9个矿化集中区，并讨论了区域地壳演化与金属成矿作用的关系。研究结果表明，尽管研究区内的金属矿床(点)成矿作用分别发生在加里东期、海西期和燕山期，但是大规模成矿作用发生的时问与海西期板块构造活动的高峰期相吻合，是地壳特定演化阶段构造一岩浆活动的产物。     

CINRAD／SA三体散射特征分析

对新一代天气雷达（CINRAD／SA）探测到的4次三体散射现象的冰雹天气过程进行分析，通过分析得出以下结论：三体散射现象首先在高层出现，强中心回波强度达60dBz以上，三体散射是降大雹的指示性指标并有一定的提前量，同时可能伴有灾害性大风。     

湿地下垫面大气边界层温、湿廓线的数值模拟及影响因素分析

应用大气二维边界层数值模式,对2008年夏季洪河国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地1000m高度边界层的温度、湿度廓线进行了3次模拟试验,并模拟分析了风速和下垫面粗糙度对湿地边界层温、湿廓线结构的影响.结果表明:(1)大气二维边界层模式可以较好的模拟湿地下垫面边界层的温、湿结构,并且该模式对位温的模拟效果优于比湿;(2)风速和粗...     

内蒙古金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床的PGE、铁族和亲硫元素的地球化学特征与物质来源、形成环境

首次采用盐酸-过氧化氢封闭熔矿与ICP-MS相结合的方法,对金厂沟梁金(铜)矿床东、西两矿区典型矿石的铂族元素(PGE)、亲铁以及亲硫元素的含量进行了系统测定,结果显示矿石中上述元素的含量均高于实验的检测限;地球化学演化特征显示含矿流体具有岩浆性质,PGE对原始地幔/球粒陨石标准化后的配分曲线均呈强烈左倾斜的分馏模式,其配分曲线和与幔源岩浆有关的富铜硫化物和富铜镍硫化物熔体的形式相似,并与幔源玄武岩、碳酸盐熔体的配分模式基本一致,反映含矿流体具有幔源岩浆属性;从区域构造、岩浆热事件角度出发,结合典型斑岩铜(钼)矿床的PGE特征,初步确定其含矿流体形成于中生代大陆边缘环境,其直接的热动源是中生代底侵的玄武岩浆。成矿阶段富含金、铜矿石的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近低钛玄武岩浆以及玄武安山岩,而成矿早阶段贫金、铜样品的Pd/Pt、Pd/Ir比值接近地幔;反映早期含矿流体可能是直接来自中生代幔源玄武质岩浆结晶分异,而富金(铜)流体的形成可能是玄武质岩浆演化晚期被地壳物质强烈混染后的富超临界流体岩浆(低钛熔体)发生岩浆与流体分离而产生;含矿流体演化过程的PGE地球化学行为与Cu或S(As)的饱和度有关,即主要受亲硫(铜)元素或结晶分异的硫化物矿物相所制约。     

南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘中生代晚期构造接触关系

为探究南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘地块在中生代晚期构造接触关系及其对南海形成演化的影响,利用过南海西南次海盆两侧陆缘采集的地球物理资料以及公开发表的数据资料,对两侧陆缘的地壳结构及前新生界构造变形特征进行了研究.研究结果显示,西南次海盆两侧陆缘的地壳结构及物质组成存在差异,属于性质不同的两个微地块;两侧陆缘前新生代地层在晚中...