东胜煤田延安组成煤模式与煤质特征

总结了东胜煤田延安组煤的两种主要成煤模式,结合煤质分析数据,探讨成煤环境条件对煤质的控制作用。研究结果显示,河流成煤模式的煤层,煤岩类型以暗淡型为主,煤中富丝质组,煤层中矿物质含量较高,灰分含量多大于10%,煤类以不粘煤为主。湖泊三角洲成煤模式的煤层,煤岩类型以光亮煤和半亮煤为主,煤中富镜质组,煤层中矿物质含量低,灰分含量少于10%,煤类以长焰煤为主。经对比两种成煤模式煤的工艺性质,认为富丝质组煤利于气化、动力燃烧、制吸附剂,富镜质组煤则首选液化和配焦。     

巴丹吉林沙漠降水稳定同位素特征与水汽再循环

了解沙漠降水稳定同位素特征,有助于研究干旱区水循环过程.根据2015-2016年取自巴丹吉林沙漠4个站点的降水样品,分析了δ2H、δ18O的时空分布特征及影响因素;借助后向气团轨迹模型分析了降水水汽来源;采用氘盈余模型计算了水汽再循环比.结果显示,降水δ2H、δ18O均表现出季节效应,夏高冬低;沙漠腹地较外围山区δ2H、δ18O偏正,d-excess偏负,反映出腹地降水的蒸发程度更高.年内降水主要来自西风水汽,夏季部分受东南季风影响.沙漠湖泊区再循环比为10.3%~10.9%,略大于山区的8.5%;再循环水汽在总蒸发量中占比11.1%,反映出沙漠强烈的蒸发对本地降水的贡献较为有限.      

三峡库区仙女山和九畹溪断裂带水库地震变化规律

三峡库区蓄水以来,长江周边出现了大量的水库地震,主要集中于巴东—泄滩—仙女山区域,目前已达上万次,最大震级为5.1级。通过野外地质调查及对已有水库地震数据进行研究,采用构造地质分析方法,对三峡库区仙女山和九畹溪断裂带水库地震空间上的迁移规律、时间上的周期规律以及微地震群的成因机理进行分析。结果表明：从时间上看,水库地震具有周期性,表现为长周期（与库水位相关）和短周期（与库水位快速波动相关）;从空间上看,水库地震具有迁移规律,受九畹溪断裂控制的触发型水库地震存在着逐渐向南迁移的特征,受仙女山断裂控制的触发型水库地震局限分布于仙女山断裂北延端点处,分布于仙女山断裂西侧（周坪乡附近）带状分布的水库诱发地震逐渐呈点状向南迁移。     

Construction of soil–water characteristic curve of granular materials with toroidal model and artificially generated packings

Acta Geotechnica - The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of granular materials is crucial for many emerging engineering applications, such as permeable pavement and methane hydrate...     

Elastic wave velocity monitoring as an emerging technique for rainfall-induced landslide prediction

Landslides are recurring phenomena causing damages to private property, public facilities, and human lives. The need for an affordable instrumentation that can be used to provide an early warning of slope instability to enable the evacuation of vulnerable people, and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure is self-evident. A new emerging technique that correlates soil moisture changes and deformations in slope surface by means of elastic wave propagation in soil was developed. This approach quantifies elastic wave propagation as wave velocity. To verify its applicability, a series of fixed and varied slope model tests, as well as a large scale model test, were conducted. Analysis of the results has established that the elastic wave velocity continuously decreases in response of moisture content and deformation, and there was a distinct surge in the decrease rate of wave velocity with failure initiation, soil deformation was thus envisaged to have more significant effect on elastic wave velocity than water content. It is proposed that a warning be issued at switch of wave velocity decrease rate. Based on these observations, expected operation of the elastic wave velocity monitoring system for landslide prediction in the field application is presented. Consequently, we conclude that the elastic wave velocity monitoring technique has the potential to contribute to landslide prediction.     

Nozzle optimization for water jet propulsion with a positive displacement pump

In the water jet propulsion system with a positive displacement （PD） pump, the nozzle, which converts pressure energy into kinetic energy, is one of the key parts exerting great influence on the reactive thrust and the efficiency of the system due to its high working pressure and easily occurring cavitation characteristics. Based on the previous studies of the energy loss and the pressure distribution of different nozzles, a model of water jet reactive thrust, which fully takes the energy loss and the nozzle parameters into consideration, is developed to optimize the nozzle design. Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the reactive thrust and the conversion efficiency of cylindrical nozzles, conical nozzles and optimized nozzles. The results show that the optimized nozzles have the largest reactive thrust and the highest energy conversion efficiency under the same inlet conditions. The related methods and conclusions are extended to the study of other applications of the water jet, such as water jet cutting, water mist fire suppression, water injection molding.     

南极拜尔斯半岛企鹅粪土沉积物元素地球化学特征

拜尔斯半岛位于南极利文斯顿岛最西部,是南设得兰群岛中最大的无冰区。对采自拜尔斯半岛的一根长55 cm的企鹅粪土沉积柱P1进行了元素和同位素地球化学分析。通过对沉积物C/N、有机质来源和δ15N的分析,发现P1沉积剖面中有机质主要来源于企鹅粪。利用富集系数、相关性分析、主成分分析等统计分析方法,识别出该沉积剖面中P、F、Cu、Hg、As、S六种元素具有共同的来源,与企鹅粪的输入密切相关,并且这些元素与TOC和δ15N显著正相关,说明沉积剖面中这些元素含量主要受控于企鹅粪的输入程度。通过与长城站区阿德雷岛、东南极戴维斯站加德纳岛企鹅粪土沉积物的标型元素特征比较,发现上述三个地区的标型元素组合大体上一致,反映了整个南极地区企鹅粪土沉积物生物标型元素组合的共性。研究结果为进一步恢复该地区的企鹅种群数量演化,及其对气候变化的响应提供了可能。     

北天山地区2011 年以来两次6 级地震前的地震学中短期异常特征

通过分析北天山地区历史强震、构造活动背景、区域应变能积累特征以及2011 年11月1 日尼勒克、巩留交界6. 0 级和2012 年6 月30 日新源、和静交界6. 6 级地震前区域地震活动异常特征等,探讨了这两次6 级地震前的地震学中短期异常特征。结果表明,2011 年6 月以来北天山地区中强以上地震处于加速活动状态,进入应变能释放阶段;尼勒克、巩留交界6. 0 级和新源、和静交界6. 6 级地震震前先呈6 级地震平静而后被打破、中强地震成组活动和空间迁移、条带和空区等较明显的中期异常;震前还出现了较为相似的4 级以上地震围空和5 级逼近地震,且逼近地震与主震发生时间间隔均为14 天,显示了较清晰的异常图像和较明显的中短期震兆特征。     

全球地球化学数据管理系统:“化学地球”软件研制

"数字地球"已经提出多年,是20世纪末期问世的定量化研究地球的一个新的战略方向。通过借鉴Google Earth,地质学界提出了建设One Geology和OGS-Earth多层次多学科应用平台的概念。进一步提出构建基于化学元素在地壳的分布可视化,建立"化学地球"或者叫做"元素地球"(命名为Chemical Earth),能直观地揭示地壳中元素的分布,反映出不同大地构造单元元素时空分布、演化历史和矿床的物质背景。本项研究主要完成两个方面的内容:(1)研发一个基于ArcGIS Server二维和三维统一的"化学地球"软件平台,类似于谷歌地球(Google Earth)的数字地球软件平台,实现对地球化学数据和图形适时进行二维(平面)和三维(球面)联动;(2)建立地球化学数据库和提供图形化工具,实现对数据库进行多种方式的查询统计,如对不同尺度地球化学图的显示、图形与数据交互查询和采样信息查询等。