Elastic wave velocity monitoring as an emerging technique for rainfall-induced landslide prediction

Landslides are recurring phenomena causing damages to private property, public facilities, and human lives. The need for an affordable instrumentation that can be used to provide an early warning of slope instability to enable the evacuation of vulnerable people, and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure is self-evident. A new emerging technique that correlates soil moisture changes and deformations in slope surface by means of elastic wave propagation in soil was developed. This approach quantifies elastic wave propagation as wave velocity. To verify its applicability, a series of fixed and varied slope model tests, as well as a large scale model test, were conducted. Analysis of the results has established that the elastic wave velocity continuously decreases in response of moisture content and deformation, and there was a distinct surge in the decrease rate of wave velocity with failure initiation, soil deformation was thus envisaged to have more significant effect on elastic wave velocity than water content. It is proposed that a warning be issued at switch of wave velocity decrease rate. Based on these observations, expected operation of the elastic wave velocity monitoring system for landslide prediction in the field application is presented. Consequently, we conclude that the elastic wave velocity monitoring technique has the potential to contribute to landslide prediction.     

巴丹吉林沙漠降水稳定同位素特征与水汽再循环

了解沙漠降水稳定同位素特征,有助于研究干旱区水循环过程.根据2015-2016年取自巴丹吉林沙漠4个站点的降水样品,分析了δ2H、δ18O的时空分布特征及影响因素;借助后向气团轨迹模型分析了降水水汽来源;采用氘盈余模型计算了水汽再循环比.结果显示,降水δ2H、δ18O均表现出季节效应,夏高冬低;沙漠腹地较外围山区δ2H、δ18O偏正,d-excess偏负,反映出腹地降水的蒸发程度更高.年内降水主要来自西风水汽,夏季部分受东南季风影响.沙漠湖泊区再循环比为10.3%~10.9%,略大于山区的8.5%;再循环水汽在总蒸发量中占比11.1%,反映出沙漠强烈的蒸发对本地降水的贡献较为有限.      

三峡库区仙女山和九畹溪断裂带水库地震变化规律

三峡库区蓄水以来,长江周边出现了大量的水库地震,主要集中于巴东—泄滩—仙女山区域,目前已达上万次,最大震级为5.1级。通过野外地质调查及对已有水库地震数据进行研究,采用构造地质分析方法,对三峡库区仙女山和九畹溪断裂带水库地震空间上的迁移规律、时间上的周期规律以及微地震群的成因机理进行分析。结果表明：从时间上看,水库地震具有周期性,表现为长周期（与库水位相关）和短周期（与库水位快速波动相关）;从空间上看,水库地震具有迁移规律,受九畹溪断裂控制的触发型水库地震存在着逐渐向南迁移的特征,受仙女山断裂控制的触发型水库地震局限分布于仙女山断裂北延端点处,分布于仙女山断裂西侧（周坪乡附近）带状分布的水库诱发地震逐渐呈点状向南迁移。     

Construction of soil–water characteristic curve of granular materials with toroidal model and artificially generated packings

Acta Geotechnica - The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) of granular materials is crucial for many emerging engineering applications, such as permeable pavement and methane hydrate...     

Consistent grain size distribution of pedogenic maghemite of surface soils and Miocene loessic soils on the Chinese Loess Plateau

There is agreement that ultrafine maghemite grains (<100 nm) are responsible for the magnetic enhancement of Chinese loess. Recent studies show that grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains within the aeolian sequences on the central Chinese Loess Plateau deposited in the last 8 Ma is consistent. However, whether the observed grain size distribution of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains can be observed in the western Chinese Loess Plateau and modern soils is not entirely clear. Here we find that young surface soil samples across the Chinese Loess Plateau and early Neogene loessic soils from the western Chinese Loess Plateau also show consistent grain size distribution with that of ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. The fact that young surface soil samples show apparent magnetic enhancement suggests that the ultrafine pedogenic maghemite grains derive from oxidation of ultrafine magnetite grains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

震后应急救援民生保障物资需求模型研究

根据《应急物资分类及编码》（GB/T 38565—2020）,对震后所需应急救援民生保障物资种类进行梳理,参考地震应急处置经验和有关专家学者的研究成果,制定地震应急救援基本民生保障物资最低需求标准。对2007年以来有记录的物资投入数据进行梳理统计,采用数值拟合方法构建震后物资需求模型,计算震例模型值、标准值,并对实际值与模型值及实际值与标准值偏离程度进行对比分析,提出模型应用注意事项。     

2009年6月连续高温过程的诊断分析及预报预警

通过分析济源历年6月高温天气的气候特征发现,2009年6月高温天气具有持续时间长、高温强度强的特征,是济源1960年以来夏季高温天气持续时间最长的一年.利用Micaps 常规资料和国家气候中心环流资料分析2009年6月21-26日济源市连续≥39 ℃的高温天气特点及成因得出:贝加尔湖高压是导致济源产生极端高温的重要天气系统;晴空辐射增温、强烈动力下沉增温作用、地面热低压的直接热力加热作用以及济源市特殊地形使气流沿太行山山坡或山地下滑而产生下沉增温,对高温的产生起到了增幅作用.     

Controls on the isotopic composition of surface water and precipitation in the Northern Andes, Colombian Eastern Cordillera

Empirical datasets provide the constraints on the variability and causes of variability in stable isotope compositions (δD or δ¹⁸O) of surface water and precipitation that are essential not only for models of modern and past climate but also for investigations of paleoelevation. This study presents stable isotope data for 76 samples from four elevation transects and three IAEA GNIP stations in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the northern Andean foreland. These data are largely consistent with theories of stable isotope variability developed based on a global dataset. On a monthly basis, the precipitation-amount effect exerts the dominant control on δD_p and δ¹⁸O_p values at the IAEA GNIP stations. At the Bogotá station (2547 m), the δD_p and δ¹⁸O_p values vary seasonally, with isotopic minima correlating with maxima in precipitation-amount. Although surface water samples from Eastern Cordilleran streams and rivers fall on the Global Meteoric Water Line, samples from three of four lakes (2842–3459 m) have evaporatively elevated δD_sw and δ¹⁸O_sw values. The IAEA GNIP station data averaged over multiple years, combined with stream and river water data, define vertical lapse rates of −1.8‰ km⁻¹ for Δδ¹⁸O and −14.6‰ km⁻¹ for ΔδD, and are a close fit to a common thermodynamically based Rayleigh distillation model. Elevation uncertainties for these relationships are also evaluated. Comparison of this Colombian dataset with the elevation uncertainties generated by the thermodynamically based model shows that the model underestimates uncertainty at high Δδ¹⁸O and ΔδD values while overestimating it for low Δδ¹⁸O and ΔδD values. This study presents an independent, empirical assessment of stable isotope-based elevation uncertainties for the northern Andes based on a dataset of sufficient size to ensure statistical integrity. These vertical lapse rates and associated uncertainties form the basis for stable isotope paleoelevation studies in the northern Andes.     

Observation number correlation in WMAP data

A remarkable similarity between the large-scale non-Gaussian pattern of cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperatures obtained by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) mission and the distribution features of observation numbers is noted. Motivated by such a similarity, in this work we check the WMAP data for the correlation between pixel temperature t and observation number N . Systematic effects of imbalance in the differential observations and significant t – N correlations in magnitude, distribution of non-Gaussianity and north–south asymmetry are found. Our results indicate that, for precision cosmology studies based on WMAP observations, the observation effect on released WMAP temperature maps requires further careful study.