多普勒雷达资料在中尺度模式短时预报中的应用

将国内新一代多普勒雷达基数据Lev-Ⅱ的9个仰角的原始反射率和径向风资料应用于中尺度模式ARPS(the Advanced Regional Prediction System),通过对2007年7月18日济南短时特大暴雨过程的个例研究,分析了雷达资料对初始场的改进效果及其对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,同时利用雷达反射率和径向风资料改进过的初始场能明显改善中尺度数值模式短时定量降水预报。对比风场发现,雷达径向风调整后在初始场中出现明显的中小尺度特征,能减少模式的spin-up时间。随着积分的进行,对水汽场的调节也有一定作用,但相对于风场调节不够显著。雷达反射率主要是改进初始场中的湿度参数,增加初始场中云水等含量。积分开始后,对风场调整也很显著。此次模拟,控制试验较好地预报出雷达回波的分布和水汽中心,对应的降水落区与实况也较为接近,但对雷达回波中心强度的预报略大,相应地降水量的预报也偏大。     

Microscopic morphology and size distribution of particles in PM<Subscript>2.5</Subscript> of Guangzhou City

Samples of airborne PM_2.5 particles in Guangzhou urban area were collected during the autumn of 2006 and the spring of 2007. The morphologies and elemental compositions of individual particles were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX). The obtained images were further analyzed for size distribution by an image analysis system. Based on the morphology, particles in PM_2.5 were classified into four groups: soot aggregates, minerals, fly ash and others. The amount of soot aggregates and minerals were higher than that of fly ashes. The distributions of particles by number and size in two seasons were bimodal with 90% less than 1.0 μm in diameter. The primary peak from the autumn samples was in the size range of 0.4 ~ 0.5 μm, and 0.3 ~ 0.4 μm for the spring samples. More soot aggregates (36.1%) and minerals (61.5%) were found than fly ash (2.4%) in autumn, but soot aggregates (89.9%) was the dominant particle type in spring. The size distribution of particles according to the volume was generally opposite to that according to the number. Particles less than 1.0 μm were as high as 89.5% in number but contributed only 18.9% in volume, indicating that fine particles contributed relatively little in volume although existing in large numbers.     

风电场风资源测量与计算的精度控制

根据多个复杂地形风电场观测操作实践和大量观测数据的计算分析,提出了对观测数据和计算质量精度控制的主要措施,包括:复杂地形测风站布设的5个原则,仪器的合理选型和设置;对由于测风仪固有的系统误差和缺测数据的插补订正可能引起的计算误差进行了定量估算,通过对大量实测数据的对比计算显示:①目前普遍采用的进口风速计的相对偏差在1.6%～5.25%之间,由此可导致轮毂高度附近的年平均风功率密度误差在5%以上,最大达13.8%;②在季风气候区、复杂地形和风的年变率较大的地区,进行缺测数据插补订正时,应选取同季或同一主导风向的数据作为插补订正的基础数据,否则可能导致其平均风功率密度相对误差达20%～50%.     

宁夏地表湿润状况演变规律研究

利用1961-2004a宁夏23站月降水和平均气温资料,通过计算地表湿润指数,分析了宁夏区域平均及不同区域地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征及季节性差异.最后,给出了地表湿润指数年及各季节变化趋势的地理分布.结果表明:近40a来宁夏年地表湿润指数总趋势是下降的,即地表在变干;地表湿润指数的变化具有明显的阶段性特征,即1970s末期以前的冷湿期,1970s末至1980s中期的冷干期,1980s中期以来的暖干期;宁夏的干化趋势主要发生在秋季;宁夏年、秋季地表显著变干的中心区域主要集中在中部干旱带及南部山区的北部;冬季南部山区存在显著变湿趋势,春、夏季各地均无显著干、湿变化趋势.     

Hydrogeochemistry of Water in Coal Measures during Grouting Treatment of Taoyuan Mine,China

Permian coal measure sandstone fissure water (referred to as “coal measure water,” that is, water in coal measures) is one of the important water sources for industrial and agricultural activities in mining areas. However, the regional high-pressure grouting, one of the most widely used floor control methods, may affect the coal measure water which is connected with limestone aquifer. This study used Taoyuan mine, a typical coal mine in Huaibei coalfield, as the research area to study the influencing mechanism of a grouting treatment on the hydrogeochemical evolution of coal measure water. The hydrogeochemical characteristics and water-rock interaction mechanism of the coal measure water before and during the treatment were evaluated using a Piper trigram, ion combination ratio, and hydrogen-oxygen stable isotope. The anions and cations in the coal measure water before and during the treatment had the same trends at SO₄²⁻ > HCO₃⁻ > Cl⁻ and Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺, respectively. Hydrochemical types of coal measure water before treatment were mainly SO₄·Cl-Ca·Mg, SO₄·Cl-Na, and HCO₃-Na, and during treatment they were mainly SO₄·Cl-Na and HCO₃-Na. The formation of chemical components of coal measure water before treatment was mainly caused by carbonate dissolution, sulfate dissolution, and pyrite oxidation. During the treatment, sulfate dissolution and pyrite oxidation were the main geochemical processes, and ion exchange was enhanced. Atmospheric precipitation was the source of all water samples, and all showed an obvious ¹⁸O drift.     

依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段构造运动特征

为研究依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段构造运动特征,基于2016—2019年GPS和地质资料,解算了该断裂的三维速度场,通过构建断层模型反演了滑动速率。结果显示:依兰—伊通断裂带黑龙江段总体呈下沉趋势,沉降速率在1~2 mm/a,断裂呈右旋走滑态势,闭锁层15 km以下走滑速率为(1.7±0.4)mm/a。佳木斯—萝北段以右旋走滑为主、拉张为辅;五常—佳木斯段以拉张为主、右旋走滑为辅。     

连云港地震台BBVS-120、CTS-1E型地震计系统性能对比

通过对连云港地震台BBVS-120、CTS-1E型地震计台基噪声功率谱分析,正弦标定和脉冲标定计算分析,近震和远震震级对比分析,研究在实际工作中2种地震计性能差异,对比观测数据质量,检验稳定性,以期为地震监测及相关研究工作提供依据。     

气候变暖情景下黄河上游径流的可能变化

根据水文气象台站观测资料, 分析了全球变暖情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域温度、降水和径流的变化状况, 并采用假定气候组合对未来数十年黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域的径流变化进行了预测. 结果表明: 黄河上游的温度与全球变暖有着明显的对应关系, 近几十年来, 流域各个地方的温度有不同程度的上升. 降水变化因流域各地所处位置、地势、地形的不同而差异较大, 受温度上升和主要产流区域降水大幅减少的影响, 近10余年来黄河上游的径流量呈持续递减的态势. 在未来几十年, 如果遭遇到气温升幅与降水减幅较大的"暖-干"气候组合时, 流域产水量将有较大的减幅; 当气温变化不大而降水增幅较大时, 流域产水量将有明显的增加, 同时由于冰雪及冻土融水的补给, 此气候情景下黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流量的增幅还将略大于降水量的增幅.     

云台便携式光电光度计以及天光背景的测定方法

首先详细介绍了云台便携式光电光度计的结构和设计思想,然后叙述了如何利用云台便携式光电光度计测定天光背景.     

多年冻土地基正温输气管道地温场实测及分析

我国有多条油气管道位于多年冻土地区,工程问题层出不穷。因输送介质处于正温状态,其所释放热量对管道周围冻土冻融过程有极大影响。为阐明正温管道对多年冻土温度场及冻融特征的影响,基于西部某多年冻土区正温输气管道现场实验,对管道地基温度场进行了为期1年的现场实测。数据分析表明,多年冻土天然上限为1.5~2.0 m;土体融化期及冻结期分别为6-10月、11-次年5月;监测段多年冻土热量收支基本平衡,属于不稳定冻土,在外界热扰动下极易退化;正温输气管道的存在引起了多年冻土的退化且对其温度场有很大影响,水平方向影响范围约1.5 m,管下最大融深可达7.0 m。同时指出了针对处于临界状态的多年冻土,在基于对其全面、深入了解的基础上,越早考虑相关工程建设带来的热扰动对多年冻土的不利影响,则处置难度越低且损失越小。