新疆雾霾天气自动判识业务系统

新疆气象局依据中国气象局发布的《霾的观测和预报等级》（QX/T113-2010）中霾观测等级标准,开发的“雾霾天气自动判识业务系统”软件,具备自动识别雾、霾、晴等天气现象的功能,能24 h连续在线、实时、自动显示气象监测站PM2.5、气溶胶吸收特性等表征大气洁净状况的监测值,能为气象站观测员提供一个辅助判识雾、霾等天气状况的依据,能为预报员提供一个检验雾、霾等天气状况预报质量的在线实况依据.该软件系统已经在乌鲁木齐国家基本气象站、自治区气象台等单位试运行,且运行情况良好.     

Review of Rapid Transformation of Floodplain Wetlands in Northeast China: Roles of Human Development and Global Environmental Change

Northeast China is the region with the largest area of wetlands in China. The Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain are large freshwater marsh distribution regions that are affected by climate warming and by the increasing frequency and density of extreme weather and are the regions most subject to disturbances by human activities in Northeast China. The wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain and the Songnen Plain have shrunk severely in the past 60 years, and wetland functions have been reduced substantially because of climate change, unreasonable land use, fire episodes, engineering and construction works and urbanization. Large-scale agricultural development started in the 1950s has been the most important driving factor for wetland loss and degradation in the Sanjiang Plain. Water shortage has been the most important factor for degradation and fragmentation of wetlands in the Songnen Plain. To mitigate wetland degradation and better protect wetlands, special regulations, long-term mechanisms and technical support of wetland protection should be established. A wetland compensation program should be implemented, and technologies for increasing the adaptive capacity of wetlands should be developed. Moreover, it is most important to find the balanced threshold between agricultural development and wetland protection.     

轻便型变形监测雷达的研制与基本性能测试

本文介绍自主研发的轻便型变形监测雷达的原理结构和特点,并通过一系列实验对该雷达进行基本物理参数和精度的初步测试以及建筑物变形监测方面的应用实验。通过实验证明,该雷达的测量精度达到0.1mm,最远可以观测到800m外的目标,可以用于建筑物变形监测,该雷达也用于边坡、大坝、桥梁等目标的远程变形监测。同时,该雷达在重量、体积、功耗等方面有着优势,解决同类产品笨重、难以携带作业的问题。     

喀喇昆仑山厦呈、吕莫慕士塔格山段现代冰川分布及变化特征

在全球气候普遍变暖、冰川大面积退缩的大背景下,为揭示山岳冰川十分发育的喀喇昆仑山脉现代冰川分布及变化特征,以中等空间分辨率(ETM和Landsat 8)卫星数据为主要数据源,采用人机交互式解译方法完成了厦呈慕士塔格山、吕莫慕士塔格山段冰川变化遥感调查,基本查明了区内冰川面积、分布特征和变化状况,共调查1 373处冰川,其中中国境内有554处,境外克什米尔印控区有819处; 同时对区内典型冰川变化进行了2期对比分析,得出冰舌退缩、前进或稳定现象同时存在的结论,为喀喇昆仑山脉冰川变化研究提供了参考依据,为我国西部边海防地区水资源的开发利用和冰雪灾害的防治等提供了科学依据。     

Probability-based damage assessment for reinforced concrete bridge columns considering the corrosive and seismic hazards in Taiwan

In this paper, we consider the time at which earthquake events occur when analyzing seismic structural damage to a deteriorating RC bridge within a specified period. Because the uncertainty exists in the occurrence time of earthquake events, Monte Carlo simulation is applied. The proposed procedure for evaluating the exceedance probability, which corresponds to a specified limit state, is then applied to a case study of RC bridges in Taiwan to demonstrate its applicability. This study selects three typical RC bridges located in the Taipei Basin, Taiwan, to analyze exceedance probabilities of specified damage states during various specified periods and then discusses the cumulative damage effect on the exceedance probabilities of specified damage states. Additionally, for the chloride-induced deteriorating bridges at various distances to the sea in Suao, Taiwan, the effects of the deterioration and seismic structural damage on the exceedance probabilities of specified damage states are demonstrated and discussed. The proposed assessment procedure can help engineers understand whether the deterioration would accelerate the declining seismic performance of bridges and shorten their serviceability-related and safety-related service lives, as well as provide reference for repairing RC bridges and retrofitting their seismic performance.     

Simulating the role of gravel in freeze–thaw process on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Soils containing gravel (particle size ≥2 mm) are widely distributed over the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). Soil mixed with gravel has different thermal and hydrological properties compared with fine soil (particle size <2 mm) and thus has marked impacts on soil water and heat transfer. However, the most commonly used land models do not consider the effects of gravel. This paper reports the development of a new scheme that simulates the thermal and hydrological processes in soil containing gravel and its application in the QTP. The new scheme was implemented in version 4 of the Community Land Model, and experiments were conducted for two typical sites in the QTP. The results showed that (1) soil with gravel tends to reduce the water holding capacity and enhance the hydraulic conductivity and drainage; (2) the thermal conductivity increases with soil gravel content, and the response of the temperature of soil mixed with gravel to air temperature change is rapid; (3) the new scheme performs well in simulating the soil temperature and moisture—the mean biases of soil moisture between the simulation and observation reduced by 25–48 %, and the mean biases of soil temperature reduced by 9–25 %. Therefore, this scheme can successfully simulate the thermal and hydrological processes in soil with different levels of gravel content and is potentially applicable in land surface models.

     

北大西洋涛动指数变化与北半球冬季阻塞活动

线性回归分析表明北大西洋涛动(NAO)主要与大西洋、欧洲及乌拉尔山地区阻塞的频率和强度的变化存在显著相关关系.在NAO负位相时期阻塞活动在大西洋地区较为频繁且强度较强,正位相时期大西洋地区阻塞活动减少,强度减弱,而欧洲阻塞加强,频率增加,同时乌拉尔山地区的阻塞活动也显著减少.NAO正指数的增强和减弱对应于大西洋和欧洲阻...     

人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调性测度及优化——以南昌市为例

人口与土地是城镇化的重要组成部分,分析二者之间状态演化对促进城市健康发展具有重要意义。在界定人口城镇化与土地城镇化二者概念基础上,基于人口构成、人口素质、人口生活、城镇规模、城镇投入、城镇产出等构建评价指标体系,并通过耦合协调模型对省会型城市南昌市2002~2011年两者之间的协调关系进行测度和分析,结果表明：① 人口城镇化指数与土地城镇化指数呈波动变化并持续上涨,城镇发展由土地滞后型向人口滞后型转变;② 人口城镇化与土地城镇化的协调状态由失调衰退区向过渡协调区演进,发展类型则由高度不协调状态向勉强协调状态过渡。在此基础上分析了南昌市人口城镇化速度滞后于土地城镇化速度的原因,指出两者关系主要受到城市发展外在制度与内在基础的共同作用,并认为构建人口与土地城镇化双重优化路径是协调人口城镇化与土地城镇化同步发展的有效途径。