基于PSR框架的内蒙古自治区沙漠化敏感性评估

沙漠化敏感性是测度区域沙漠化可能性的关键指标。鉴于沙漠化敏感性研究“重评价、缺框架”、“重格局、轻变化”的研究现状,本文基于“压力—状态—响应”(Pressure-State-Response, PSR)分析框架,构建了“气候条件—地表覆盖—植被恢复”沙漠化敏感性综合评价指标体系,定量评估了2000、2015年内蒙古自治区(除流动沙地(丘)外)沙漠化敏感性,结合县域人口密度开展了区域沙漠化防治分区。研究结果表明：2015年研究区以中度敏感区为主(27.04%),其次为轻度敏感区(25.53%)、不敏感区(22.96%)和高度敏感区(20.82%),极敏感区占比最小(3.65%),沙漠化敏感性呈现出中西部高、东部低的空间格局;2000-2015年间,内蒙古自治区9.20%的土地沙漠化敏感性等级降低,24.83%则趋于增强。研究区可划分为生态保育区、沙化治理区、综合发展区和生态移民区四大沙漠化防治区。     

Trace element composition of magnetite from the Xinqiao Fe–S(–Cu–Au) deposit,Tongling, Eastern China: constraints on fluid evolution and ore genesis

The Xinqiao deposit is one of several polymetallic deposits in the Tongling ore district. There are two types of mineralization in the Xinqiao: skarn-type and stratiform-type. The skarn-type mineralization is characterized by iron oxides such as magnetite and hematite, whereas stratiform-type mineralization is characterized by massive sulfides with small amounts of magnetite and hematite. We defined three types of ores within the stratiform-type mineralization by the mineral assemblages and ore structures. Type I ore is represented by magnetite crosscut by minor calcite veins. Type II is a network ore composed of magnetite and crosscutting pyrite. Type III is a massive ore containing calcite and hematite. Type I magnetite is characterized by highly variable trace element content, whereas Type II magnetite has consistently higher Si, Ti, V, and Nb. Type III magnetite contains more In, Sn, and As than the other two types. Fluid–rock interaction, oxygen fugacity (fO₂), and temperature (T) are the main factors controlling element variation between the different magnetite types. Type I magnetite was formed by more extensive fluid–rock interaction than the other two types at moderate fO₂ and T conditions. Type II magnetite is thought to have formed in relatively low fO₂ and high-T environments, and Type III in relatively high fO₂ and moderate-T environments. Ca?+?Al?+?Mn and Ti?+?V discrimination diagrams show that magnetite in the Xinqiao deposit is hydrothermal in origin and is possibly linked with skarn.     

基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估

在2004–2019年间,人类通过大规模围填海以及陆源排污等活动对钦州湾造成了不可逆转的深远影响。本文基于卫星遥感影像和海图资料,利用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型建立的高精度钦州湾水动力–水质模型,分析了十几年来人类活动的累积效应对钦州湾水质的影响。受围填海和陆源排污两者的影响,钦州湾内化学需氧量（COD）的浓度略有下降（0.976 mg/L下降到0.909 mg/L）,但湾内无机氮（DIN）和无机磷（DIP）的浓度分别从0.146 mg/L和0.023 mg/L增加到0.230 mg/L和0.027 mg/L,无机氮的浓度增加较为显著;统计结果表明,湾内超四类水质海域面积和重度富营养化水域面积大幅度增加,水质环境状况不容乐观。此外根据钦州湾内排污的特点,利用分担率法计算了不同时期下钦州湾的环境容量,结果表明湾内排污量远超最大允许排污量,茅岭江、钦江两条河流的排污量亟需削减;由于围填海导致的海湾面积减小和水交换能力降低,钦州湾环境容量较2008年有明显下降。对茅尾海局部采用排海通量最优法的计算表明,茅岭江应当分担比钦江更多的排污量,才能有利于茅尾海内的水质改善。通过估算发现双重人为压力共同对钦州湾造成了约每年26.95亿元的环境容量价值损失,因此在开发利用海洋前应慎重考虑环境容量损失的补偿方案。     

基于卫星通信的海洋气象数据采集系统设计

根据我国海洋综合气象监测装备建设网点不继扩大和加密的现状,依靠现有的卫星通信网络,利用其覆盖范围广、通信稳定、实时在线和维持经费等优势,设计一种基于卫星通信网络的海洋气象数据采集系统.介绍该系统的数据采集结构和功能,智能处理终端的硬件组成,硬件电路芯片选型与使用;介绍系统软件的控制和编制方法,简述在可视化编程语言Microsoft Visual Studi0 6.0集成包环境下开发海洋气象数据采集系统软件的步骤;讨论基于我国北斗卫星通信网络的海洋气象数据采集系统的实际应用情况.     

台风“灿鸿”、“莲花”和“浪卡”共存期间路径、强度及相互作用分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年7月西太平洋洋面上台风"莲花""灿鸿""浪卡"三者共存期间的路径特征、强度变化及相互作用进行了分析。结果表明:1)台风"莲花"与"灿鸿"发生互旋,导致强度较弱的"莲花"路径发生逆时针转向;"灿鸿"与"浪卡"发生明显的相互作用。2)"莲花"的低层水汽通道在互旋过程中被"灿鸿"夺走,后者产生反馈气流补充前者;"浪卡"与"灿鸿"在对流层高层通过水汽"连体"通道进行水汽交换。3)与"莲花"互旋过程中"灿鸿"产生的反馈气流远比相互作用过程中"浪卡"对"灿鸿"的补充气流强,因此相互作用过程结束后"莲花"暖心与涡度继续维持,而"灿鸿"迅速衰弱。4)两个台风相互作用过程的水汽"连体"通道高度不同,台风"莲花"与"灿鸿"相互作用位于对流层低层,而台风"灿鸿"与"浪卡"相互作用发生在对流层高层。     

基于SPEI的1961—2015年淮北地区干旱时空分布特征

基于标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）,利用淮北地区108个气象站逐月气温、降水观测资料,采用线性趋势、M K突变检验等方法,从不同时间尺度（年、季）和干旱程度（轻旱、中旱、重旱和特旱）分析了淮北地区1961—2015年干旱频率和时空变化特征。结果表明：淮北地区1961—2015年总体呈干旱略加强趋势,其中1998—2001年干旱发生最频繁,干旱强度、极端干旱及中等干旱的频次均呈增加趋势。2011年淮北地区干旱程度发生了突变性增强;20世纪90年代起淮北地区夏季经历了先湿后干的转变,2013年是夏季转向干旱化的突变点。秋冬两季是淮北地区发生干旱频率较高的季节。秋季干旱分布广、旱情最为严重,淮北地区北部是秋季干旱的高发区;冬季发生中旱以上干旱的地区分布较广,主要位于淮北地区内的安徽片西部和江苏片中部。春夏季发生高频率干旱的区域相对较小。     

基于小波去噪的灰色Verhulst模型在高铁路基沉降预测的应用

高铁路基需严格控制工后不均匀沉降。鉴于高铁路基沉降预测值精度受观测噪声和预测拟合函数的影响,本文提出了基于小波函数去噪,对去噪数据进行灰色Verhulst模型预测的方法,并阐述了高铁路基沉降预测评价方法。通过工程实例对比分析了去噪灰色Verhulst模型、GM(1,1)模型、双曲线模型在沉降数据处理中的拟合精度和预测精度。结果表明:GM(1,1)模型拟合精度高,预测精度低,不适用于长期预测;双曲线法预测精度最低,预测曲线不包含路基饱和发展过程;小波去噪灰色Verhulst模型符合高铁路基沉降规律,预测精度高,可以广泛用于路基沉降预测。     

The spatial configuration of innovation networks in China

China is rising and gradually developing into an innovation-oriented economy. This transition is fueled by public and private investment in education and by increasing inputs into science and technology. Little attention, however, has been paid to the great differences in China-specific context peculiarity. Hence, the paper assesses Chinese innovation networks using a comprehensive analytical model that includes network configuration, regional environment, government interference and firm attributes. The empirical analysis examines China’s machinery manufacturing industry to test the determinants of the spatial character of Chinese innovation networks based on questionnaire surveys and illustrative cases. Our study finds that Chinese innovation networks are affected not only by innovation resource endowments and firm attributes, but also by government interference and regional culture. Regarding the influence of regional culture, the typical Northern culture with the importance of guanxi plays an important role in the process of searching for partners and makes the innovation network and interpersonal network interwoven. Firms’ ownership and innovation ability are the two essential variables to determine whether any of the regional elements are of significance.     

Apodized Lyot coronagraph for SPHERE/VLT

SPHERE (which stands for Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch) is a second-generation Very Large Telescope (VLT) instrument dedicated to high-contrast direct imaging of exoplanets which first-light is scheduled for 2011. Within this complex instrument one of the central components is the apodized Lyot coronagraph (ALC). The present paper reports on the most interesting aspects and results of the whole numerical study made during the design of the ALC for SPHERE/VLT. The method followed for this study is purely numerical, but with an end-to-end approach which is largely fed by a number of instrumental feedbacks. The results obtained and presented in this paper firstly permit to finalize the optical design before laboratory performance testing of the ALC being built for SPHERE/VLT (see paper II ??Laboratory tests and performances??), but will also hopefully help conceiving future other instruments alike, for example within the very promising extremely large telescope perspective.     

西北干旱区乡村性评价及驱动机制研究——以甘肃武威为例

基于武威市1949~2013年65 a的社会经济统计数据,以县域为基本单元构建乡村性指标体系,通过测算各县区乡村性指数和分异指数来分析乡村性的时间演变和空间分异,并从社会经济和技术经济两个维度探讨了乡村性演变的影响因素。结果表明：① 1949~2013年间武威市各县区乡村性指数总体呈减弱趋势,但减弱幅度和速度存在差异。② 各县区乡村性分异指数呈波动增长趋势,2000年以后乡村性分异指数急剧增长,表明各县区乡村性差异越来越大。③ 社会经济和技术经济是影响乡村性变动的两大动因,各因素的发展致使城乡差距缩小、乡村性水平减弱、城乡一体化发展趋势明显。