Hydrochemical indications of human impact on karst groundwater in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing, China

The application of combined isotopic and hydrochemical compositions may be useful for evaluating water quality problems in karst aquifers in which it is difficult to distinguish the sources of solutes from the natural background of those due to human activities. Multiple isotopes (δ¹³C–DIC, δ³⁴S–SO₄ ^2?) and chemical parameters were measured in rainwater, groundwater and sewage in order to elucidate the solute sources and impacts from human activities and natural background in the Laolongdong karst catchment in Chongqing Municipality, SW China. Overall, the dissolution of carbonate rock controls Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^? content in rainwater and karst groundwater. SO₄ ^2? originated mainly from gypsum dissolution in karst groundwater. Carbonate rocks in the studied site could be dissolved jointly by H₂CO₃ from the natural CO₂–H₂O reaction and other acids (organic acids and HNO₃) from sewage and soils. Sewage discharge from urban areas and agriculture activities lead to the increase of NO₃ ^?, PO₄ ^3? and Cl^? in karst groundwater. To protect and sustainably utilize the karst aquifer, sewage originating from urban areas must be controlled and treated and the use of fertilizer should be limited.     

A statistical approach for determining the environment impact of surface sediments from the Dongting Lake area,central China

The Dongting Lake, the second biggest freshwater lake in China, consists of three wetlands of national importance, namely the East Dongting Lake, the South Dongting Lake, and the West Dongting Lake. Surface sedi-ments were sampled from 57 locations across the lake. Nutrient concentrations [total organic carbon (TOC), total N (TN) and total P (TP)] and 16 element concentrations (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, K, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, Ti and Zn) in the sediments were measured to investigate the impact of industrialization along the lake's coastline and sev-eral tributaries on the profiles of nutrients and heavy metals in the lake's surface sediments. R-mode cluster analysis (CA) was used to integrate geochemical data. The result showed that euthophication of the Dongting Lake resulted mainly from TN and TOC. The main polluting trace metals are Hg, As, Cd, Zn, Pb and Mn, which are largely ad-sorbed on clay minerals or Fe/Mn oxides, or deposited as carbonates. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the source of micropollutants. The worst affected district by heavy metals is the East Dongting Lake, the pollution sources may originate mainly from the Xiangjiang drainage area. The results demonstrated that multivariate methods are the potentially great tools for the interpretation of the environmental data on lake sediments.     

华北克拉通重力梯度带两侧晚中生代火山岩地球化学特征对比研究及其对岩石圈减薄的时空制约

对华北克拉通重力梯度带东西两侧的河北承德袁家庄和内蒙古四子王旗白脑包出露的晚中生代火山岩进行了地球化
学对比研究。全岩主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素数据表明,袁家庄火山岩和白脑包火山岩具有相似的地球化学特
征。这些火山岩轻、重稀土强烈分异,富集大离子亲石元素(如Rb,Ba,Th,U,K等),亏损高场强元素(如Nb,Ta,Zr,
Hf,Ti等);其同位素具有高(87Sr/86Sr)i,低εNd(t)和低εHf(t)的特征,因此认为袁家庄和白脑包火山岩具有相似的源区,即均来
源于被交代的古老岩石圈地幔的部分熔融。结合文献资料,作者认为,这些晚中生代火山岩是华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的直
接产物,中生代时期华北克拉通岩石圈的减薄不仅仅局限于重力梯度带以东地区,以西的部分地区也有发生。 chengxu       

Analytical solutions for organic contaminant diffusion in triple-layer composite liner system considering the effect of degradation

Acta Geotechnica - This paper presents analytical solutions for predicting one-dimensional diffusion of an organic contaminant through a triple-layer composite liner system comprising a geomembrane...     

Numerical modeling of the Sakuma Dam reservoir sedimentation

The present study attempts to predict the reservoir sedimentation in 32 km region of the Tenryu River between the Hiraoka and Sakuma Dams in Japan. For numerical simulations of the reservoir sedimentation, the one-dimensional model of the Hydrologic Engineering Centre-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is used together with the inclusion of channel geometry, bed gradation curve, Exner-5 bed sorting mechanisms, fall velocity of the particle, and flow and sediment boundary conditions pertaining to modeling region. The modeling region of the Tenryu River is divided into 48 river stations with 47 reaches in the numerical simulations. The numerical model is calibrated using the available data for 48 years from 1957 to 2004. The formulae of sediment transport function, Manning’s roughness coefficient, computational increment and fall velocity have been identified for getting the best estimation of the Sakuma Dam reservoir sedimentation. Combination of obtained sensitive parameters and erodible limits of 2 m gave the best comparison with the measured bed profile. The computed results follow the trend of measured data with a small underestimation. Although Manning’s roughness coefficient has an effect on the sedimentation, no direct relation is found between the Manning’s roughness coefficient and reservoir sedimentation. It is found that the temperature of water has no effect on the reservoir sedimentation.     

煤炭三维地震勘探时深转换误差分析及对策

煤炭三维地震勘探对煤层作时深转换时常用的方法是：首先利用钻孔处的目的层铅垂深度除以钻孔处目的层的反射时间值的一半，算出各个钻孔处煤层的大平均速度，然后利用内插法绘制测区速度分布平面图。之后，把速度平面上各点的速度乘以时间平面图上反射时间的一半，得出深度平面图。该时深转换易产生误差，有些情况其误差甚至超过了规范要求。针对测区的实际情况，列举了在二层速度情况下用大平均速度作时深转换时误差分析的一些例子，并提出了如何消除误差的对策。     

冬克玛底冰川和煤矿冰川的物质平衡（1992／1993年）

对青藏高原唐古拉山大、小冬克玛底冰川和昆仑山煤矿冰川的同观测研究表明，１９９２／１９９３年冰川的物质平衡为正平衡，其平衡值唐古拉山冰川大于昆仑山冰川。冰川物质过程存在四个阶段，即低水平维持阶段，强积累弱消隔阶段，强消隔阶段和较强积累弱消隔阶段，空间上反映出随海拔升高波动增大的趋势。     

寺家庄井田陷落柱对煤层气井产出水地球化学特征的影响

根据产出水的矿化度、离子类型和离子质量浓度化验结果,采用水化学、单因子方差分析等方法,研究了寺家庄井田陷落柱对煤层气井产出水地球化学特征的影响,对陷落柱地区煤层气的勘探开发具有参考价值。寺家庄井田煤层气井产出水的平均矿化度为1 484 mg/L,属微咸水,HCO₃-Na型。2014年4月和8月采集的井田北部煤层产出水样平均矿化度较南部高,陷落柱在井田北部较发育,蒸发作用较强,可能是导致井田北部产出水矿化度略高的原因之一。产出水矿化度随煤层气井排采时间增加略有增高且水型没有改变,说明寺家庄井田煤层气井在排水降压过程中地下水未得到及时补给。不同构造背景下煤层产出水的Na⁺浓度无显著差异,井田北部陷落柱区样品282位于次级向斜轴部且临近陷落柱,其Na⁺质量浓度最大,平均值达462 mg/L,归因于水动力条件弱且较强的蒸发作用。     

基于TM数据的土壤湿度指数预测半干旱地区浅层地下水的研究——以朝阳地区为例

为更方便、有效的勘察干旱半干旱地区的浅层地下水信息,以辽宁省朝阳市区域为研究区,以2004~2010年TM多光谱数据为基础,利用修正归一化水体差异指数提取了多年的地表土壤湿度信息。通过对土壤湿度信息分级并对植被、岩石以及地表水体进行掩模处理,得到了土壤湿度信息的分级图。同时,为了比较土壤湿度较大地区地下水的赋存信息,进行了实地考察并对比水文地质资料,认为基本与遥感所得结论一致,证明了该方法在半干旱地区的可行性与有效性。     

Tracing the sources of strontium in karst groundwater in Chongqing, China: a combined hydrogeochemical approach and strontium isotope

Groundwater quality in karst regions is largely controlled by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Over the past 10?years, dissolved Sr and its radiogenic isotope, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, were widely used to trace the sources of solutes in groundwater. However, there is little research about hydrogeochemistry and Sr isotopic compositions of the karst groundwater in Chongqing karst area. In this paper, thirty-five representative karst groundwater samples were collected from different aquifers (limestone and dolomite) and various land use types. Hydrochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca-HCO₃ type or Ca(Mg)-HCO₃ type. The dissolved Sr concentrations of the studied groundwater ranged from 0.57 to 15.06???mmol/L, and the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr varied from 0.70751 to 0.71627. The groundwater samples from different aquifers and land use types showed distinctive dissolved Sr concentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. The very positive relationship between Ca/Sr and Mg/Sr in dolomite and limestone aquifers suggests that Ca, Mg and Sr element come mainly from the release of carbonate rock under the groundwater?Crock?CCO₂ gas interaction. According to the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio, the Sr element in karst groundwater in Chongqing was controlled by the weathering of limestone, dolomite and silicate rock (allogenic water in a non-karst area). The relationship ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr versus Sr²⁺/[K⁺?+?Na⁺] shows that the anthropogenic inputs also obviously contribute to the Sr contents. The research results show that the karst groundwater in Chongqing is facing serious crisis of water quality, and needs to be protected further.