Retrieval study of lake water depth by using multi-spectral remote sensing in Bangong Co Lake

This paper reviewed studies on remote sensing of water depth retrieval. Four water depth retrieval models （single-band, dou- ble-ratio-band, multi-band, and BP network models） were evaluated using TM image and water data from Bangong Co Lake, which is located in China＇s Tibet Autonomous Region and Indian Kashmir. Tested by independent data, comparison of these four models demonstrates that BP network model performed better than the multi-band model, with the single-band model performing the worst. To sum up, this study demonstrates that first, BP network model performed better than the traditional model; second, precise atmospheric correction and radiation study, affected by different water level sand sediment, could improve the precision of water depth retrieval.     

CT在岩土实验中的数值分析

本文利用ＣＴ对岩石、土壤、水体多种成分的冻结过程进行了实验研究。阐述了Ｘ射线与物质的相互作用，ＣＴ检查实验样品的数学原理。对图像的分辨率和伪影进行了讨论，对实验样品的最佳扫描条件进行了分析。为了定量分析岩土ＣＴ图像，以便深人地动态研究在不同实验过程中土样内部组织结构的变化，物质成份的迁移，需要针对扫描样品建立数值方程。通过对各种形状、尺寸、密度和组分的标准样品进行大量的ＣＴ扫描，对理论方程进行了验证。对扫描数据的统计分析说明，ＣＴ值随物质密度增加而线性增加，其斜率与物质成份有关；对于高密度的物质，ＣＴ值随着样品直径的减小而增加。为了以统一的数学模型描述实验样品的ＣＴ值，对理论公式进行调整、建立了半经验数值方程。利用数值方程可以定量分析岩土样品在冻结过程中的水份迁移，冻结澎胀变形；在外力作用下组织结构的变化；在温度变化过程中在冻结层面及未冻水的含量；在自然状态中材料的孔隙度等等工程科学研究中的问题。实验证明，ＣＴ用于岩土及其它材料科研中具有较高的价值。     

Using beryllium‐7 to monitor the relative proportions of interrill and rill erosion from loessal soil slopes in a single rainfall event

Quantifying the relative proportions of soil losses due to interrill and rill erosion processes during erosion events is an important factor in predicting total soil losses and sediment transport and deposition. Beryllium‐7 (⁷Be) can provide a convenient way to trace sediment movement over short timescales providing information that can potentially be applied to longer‐term, larger‐scale erosion processes. We used simulated rainstorms to generate soil erosion from two experimental plots (5 m × 4 m; 25° slope) containing a bare, hand‐cultivated loessal soil, and measured ⁷Be activities to identify the erosion processes contributing to eroded material movement and/or deposition in a flat area at the foot of the slope. Based on the mass balance of ⁷Be detected in the eroded soil source and in the sediments, the proportions of material from interrill and rill erosion processes were estimated in the total soil losses, the deposited sediments in the flat area, and in the suspended sediments discharged from the plots. The proportion of interrill eroded material in the discharged sediment decreased over time as that of rill eroded material increased. The amount of deposited material was greatly affected by overland flow rates. The estimated amounts of rill eroded material calculated using ⁷Be activities were in good agreement with those based on physical measurements of total plot rill volumes. Although time lags of 45 and 11 minutes existed between detection of sediment being removed by rill erosion, based on ⁷Be activities, and observed rill initiation times, our results suggest that the use of ⁷Be tracer has the potential to accurately quantify the processes of erosion from bare, loessal cultivated slopes and of deposition in flatter, downslope areas that occur in single rainfall events. Such measurements could be applied to estimate longer‐term erosion occurring over larger areas possessing similar landforms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Sugeno型模糊推理的震中烈度预测模型

以Sugeno型模糊推理系统为基础,建立了以震级和震源深度为输入,以震中烈度为输出的震中烈度预测模型,并以四川地区震例数据为例,对模型构建的关键环节进行了详细的说明.通过与参考文献中的拟合模型进行预测数据对比分析,可得本文的推理预测模型精度更高,误差更小,且有更强的扩展性.     

云南腾冲棋盘石铅锌多金属矿矿床地质特征及找矿方向

棋盘石铅锌多金属矿属于矽卡岩型多金属矿。通过对该矿床地质特征的分析后认为,矿体严格受岩体、碳酸盐岩及构造的控制,矿石类型为矽卡岩型硫化铅锌矿石;围岩蚀变以黄铁矿化、矽卡岩化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化为特征;岩体与碳酸盐岩接触带为该矿床的重要的找矿方向。     

An intelligent agent based on virtual geographic environment system

On the basis of previous work, this paper designs an intelligent agent based on virtual geographic environment (VGE) system that is characterized by huge data, rapid computation, multi-user, multi-thread and intelligence and issues challenges to traditional GIS models and algorithms. The new advances in software and hardware technology lay a reliable basis for system design, development and application.     

An automatical infill shot method for uniform imaging of target layer

Seismic imaging quality is critical to describing reservoirs. There are many methods that can improve imaging quality; some rely on advanced processing means, whereas others rely on changing the field acquisition methods. However, most of the acquisition methods focus on improving imaging by using infill shots without considering the target-layer illumination energy. Moreover, total infill shooting greatly increases the acquisition cost. In this paper, we present a new method for maximizing the contribution to the target shadow area illumination by automatic local infill shooting. Thus, we designed 2D and 3D models and obtained the depth migration section by forward modeling, infill shots, depth migration, etc. The model results also show that by choosing the most appropriate number of shot points, we can enhance the shadow area energy and improve the target-layer imaging quality at low cost.     

中国城市体系的空间分布格局及其演变

采用全国县级以上城市数据,运用最近邻与空间自相关分析,定量分析了1985-2010年中国城市体系的空间分布格局的时空特征与演变规律.结果表明:在1985-2010年间,中国城市的整体分布主要呈集聚型,其集聚程度有着逐渐增强的趋势.不同规模的城市在空间上的分布类型存在很大差异.集聚强度随着城市规模的变大而降低,表明随着城市规模的扩大,互斥作用不断加强.超大型、特大型城市由均匀分布转变为随机分布说明随着经济的发展,城市化总体水平的提高,城市发展对自然条件的依赖相对降低.从局部区域上城市的空间集聚或空间关联性质来看,其集聚特征的反差十分鲜明.东部地带不同规模等级城市都较为发达,形成了高水平均衡模式.没有通过显著性检验的城市主要集中分布在中部地区.西部地区城市分布表现出较为强烈的空间极化特征.     

基于构建虚同相轴压制地震层间多次波

基于构建虚同相轴来估计层间多次波的方法是克希霍夫积分表示定理的一个延伸发展.本文通过构建虚地震同相轴巧妙地将散射点从地下移到了表面,利用表面的散射点来预测层间多次波.由于预测与实际地震记录中的层间多次波振幅存在偏差,采用了多道的L₁范数匹配算法来实现真振幅的多次波压制.对简单模型和南黄海地质模型的数据处理实例验证了本文研究方法的正确性和有效性.     

武都四分量钻孔应变观测数据分析

通过对多年水位、应变观测数据分析发现,水位上升引起应变下降变化（压应力增加）,两者变化同步.在水位大幅度变化时段求取应变响应灵敏度系数K,由K值可以定量剔除水位变化对应变测值的干扰.利用两两正交的4道应变测值可以求取2组面应变值,曲线形态相似则说明4道元件测值可靠性高.武都钻孔应变2组面应变值变化趋势基本相同,总体呈现波动下降（压性）变化.由2007年、2008年应变测值计算差异值η,其绝对值的平均值为0.21,数值较小,说明武都应变仪工作稳定,所测数据基本可靠.