Optimum size and density of surface grid arrays for retrieving accurate shear-tensile fracturing of microearthquakes

Surface arrays became an important tool for monitoring the induced seismicity in hydraulic fracturing experiments and for assessing the impact of fluid injection on the fracturing process of microearthquakes. The layout of sensors plays a key role in this task because it controls the accuracy of event locations and retrieved seismic moment tensors. We simulate various configurations of grid sensor arrays characterized by a different number of sensors, array span, sensor spacing, depth of sources and various shear/tensile source mechanisms of events. The moment tensor inversion is carried out using synthetically calculated P-wave amplitudes with added random noise. A bias in the solutions is evaluated by errors in the double-couple percentage of inverted moment tensors because the double-couple errors inform us about the sensitivity of the network to detect the shear/tensile fracturing mode of induced microearthquakes. The results show that the accuracy of the double-couple percentage is mostly controlled by the offset-to-depth ratio R defined as the ratio of half of the network size to the event depth. The optimum value of R is in the range of 0.75–1.5 irrespective of the type of the focal mechanism. If 121 (11 × 11) sensors are distributed in a regular grid and recorded data are characterized by a 10% random noise, the double-couple error is less than 6%. This error increases, if R is not optimum or if the number of sensors is reduced. However, even sparse arrays with 49 (7 × 7) or 16 (4 × 4) sensors can yield a reasonable accuracy, provided the surface grid arrays are designed to have an optimum size.     

桥梁沉井基础抗震性能研究现状及展望

随着国内外大跨桥梁特别是跨海桥梁建设的迅速发展,沉井基础在桥梁基础中所占的比例越来越大。虽然沉井基础作为1种刚性基础具有良好的力学性能,然而震害实践表明沉井基础在地震作用下也并非万无一失。通过分析国内外典型桥梁沉井基础的震害特征发现,沉井基础的地震破坏与桩基础有显著差异,且与埋置深度有直接关系;研究表明:地震作用下沉井基础的破坏机理及地基承载力与静力作用下明显不同,但目前在该方面的研究还较为欠缺;总结和对比了现有几种沉井基础-土相互作用研究方法,并分析了几种研究方法的优缺点和适用场合;同时也归纳和对比了各国抗震规范对桥梁沉井基础的基本规定、适用范围、计算方法和构造规定等方面的内容。最后结合现有的研究现状对沉井基础抗震性能研究的发展方向进行了展望,此外,随着我国跨海、跨江及跨库区大跨桥梁建设的发展,地震力和波浪力等多灾害因素共同作用下深水沉井基础桥梁破坏机理及设计方法的研究势在必行。     

三峡水库消落区典型草本植物氮、磷养分计量特征

为明确消落区土壤养分对植物生长的影响,通过室内栽培试验,研究三峡库区秭归消落区土壤3种氮磷水平下4种草本植物—鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)、藜(Chenopodium album)长势及氮、磷计量特征.结果表明,消落区土壤中生长的植物氮含量为7.98~19.4 mg/g,磷含量为0.740~3.880 mg/g,氮磷比为3.48~13.70,判别植物生长受氮限制.外源氮磷的添加促进植物氮、磷含量明显升高,但氮磷比没有明显变化;外源氮磷添加解除植物受氮的限制作用.4种植物对消落区土壤低氮环境具有一定的适应能力.比较消落区土壤中4种植物长势,鬼针草生物量、相对生长率、根茎生物量比最高,氮磷养分丰富对鬼针草生长促进作用最明显,表明鬼针草更易于在氮、磷贫乏的三峡库区消落区形成优势群落.     

1988-2016年洞庭湖大型底栖动物群落变化及驱动因素分析

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖泊,其水文条件对湖泊湿地生态系统健康的维系发挥着不可替代的作用.近年来,水环境恶化日益威胁湖区水生态系统健康.然而,有关底栖动物水生态健康评价的研究仍然停留在物种群落结构方面,缺乏底栖动物群落功能对水污染响应的研究,尤其在较长时间尺度上.因而,本研究分析了19882016年近30 a来洞庭湖的水质和底栖动物群落数据,探寻底栖动物群落功能对水环境恶化的响应规律.结果表明,洞庭湖水体总氮浓度是威胁底栖动物物种和功能群落变动的主要因素.此外,不断恶化的水环境驱动底栖动物物种和功能群落结构改变,表现为敏感水生昆虫的比例下降,寡毛类、小型软体动物比例的上升,并伴随着体长为1.00~1.99 cm、背扁型、侧扁型、不移动等功能性状类别比例的下降.同时,水环境恶化降低物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵多样性.基于距离的冗余分析结果显示,水体氮营养盐、重金属离子和有机污染物共同驱动底栖动物物种群落结构的变异,而营养盐类与无/有机污染物决定着其功能群落结构的变异.鉴于洞庭湖水质不断恶化的状况,本研究建议采取一系列措施,包括合理管控湖区周边废水直排入湖、取缔湖区内的非法采砂以及调控枯水季洞庭湖水位等.生物监测和评价方面,建议将底栖动物物种和功能群落一并纳入评价体系,且优先选用物种丰富度、功能丰富度和劳氏二次熵指数评估换水周期较短的大型浅水湖泊水质变化对底栖动物物种和功能多样性的影响.     

湖北省长湖浮游植物优势种生态位分析

于2012年4月至2013年1月对长湖浮游植物群落结构特征进行调查分析,使用Levins生态位宽度公式和Levins重叠公式测定长湖浮游植物优势种的生态位指数,分析浮游植物站点分布和环境因子的变化与生态位间的关系.结果显示:整个区域以蓝藻门和绿藻门的种类为主,优势种种类和密度随季节变化,表现出1~2个种类成为主要优势种,在丰度、优势度和生态位宽度上远大于其他优势种的特征.依据优势度指数和生态位宽度将优势种分为3类;小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和扭曲小环藻(Cyclotella comta)作为4个季节优势种,占据更多的资源位点,有更大的生态位宽度,在竞争中处于优势.蓝藻门的两栖颤藻(Oscillatoria amphibia)在夏季成为主要优势种,其丰度远大于其他种类,但受到种间竞争及高等水生植物的抑制,没有在竞争中取得绝对优势.其他种在不同季节此消彼长,但仅在若干季节成为优势种.海子湖区周围的进出水口及马洪台区、圆心湖区的围网养殖会直接影响水体中总氮、总磷浓度,进而改变浮游植物优势种在各区域的分布,使用t检验证实了这种差异.环境因子与优势种的相关性分析显示,水温、N/P比是影响浮游植物优势种分布的重要因素.     

SOURCE PARAMETERS OF THE CANGWU MS5.4 EARTHQUAKE, 31 JULY, 2016

On July 31^st, 2016, an earthquake of M_S5.4 occurred in Cangwu County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which is the first M_S ≥ 5.0 earthquake in coastal areas of southern China in the past 17a. The moderate earthquake activities have come into a comparatively quiet period in coastal areas of southern China for decades, so the study about the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is very important. However, differernt research institutions and scholars have got different results for the focal depth of the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake. For this reason, we further measured the focal depth by using CAP method and sPL phase method. sPL phase was first put forward by Chong in 2010. It is often observed between P and S wave of continental earthquakes with epicentral distance of about 30km to 50km. The energy of sPL phase is mainly concentrated on the radial component. Arrival time difference between sPL phase and direct P wave is insensitive to epicentral distancs, but increases almost linearly with the increase of focal depth. Based on these characteristics and advantages, sPL phase method is chosen to measure the focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake in the paper. First of all, we selected the broadband waveform data through seismic stations distributed mainly in Guangxi and adjacent provinces from Data Management Centre of China National Seismic Network and Guangxi Earthquake Networks Center. And an appropriate velocity model of Cangwu area was constructed by the teleseismic receiver function method. Then, the focal mechanism and focal depth of Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake were determined by using the CAP(Cut and Paste)method. Next, we compared the synthetic waveforms simulated by F-K forward method of different focal depth models with the actual observed waveforms. According to the difference of arrival times between sPL and Pg phases, we finally obtained the focal depth of Cangwu earthquake. The results show that the focal depth is 11km measured by CAP method and 9km by sPL phase method. Based on the focal mechanism solution, isoseismal shapes, aftershocks distributions and investigation on spot, we conclude that the Cangwu M_S5.4 earthquake is a left-lateral strike-slip earthquake which occurred in the upper crust. Our preliminary analysis considers that the seismogenic structure of Cangwu earthquake is a north-northwest branch fault, and the control fault of this earthquake is the Hejie-Xiaying Fault.     

2015年四川乐山金口河M5.0地震孕震构造条件分析

2015年1月14日乐山金口河M5.0地震发生在历史地震强度较低的川南山区与四川盆地交界一带。基于四川区域地震台网的震相报告与波形资料,采用双差定位法对地震序列进行重新定位,同时,采用CAP波形反演方法及HASH方法反演了主震及序列中8次M_L≥2.0地震的震源机制解。另外,利用Coulomb3计算了主震发生后库仑应力改变量,得到的结果如下：①重新定位结果显示,金口河M5.0地震位于（103.18°E,29.32°N）,震源深度16.6km,略深于波形反演结果（12km）。序列分布在NNW向天全-荥经断裂和NE向西河-美姑断裂的交汇部位,余震序列在空间上呈NE向展布。②M5.0主震的机制解为节面Ⅰ：走向350°/倾角46°/滑动角107°,节面Ⅱ：走向146°/倾角47°/滑动角73°,表现为走向NW（NNW）、中等倾角的逆冲型运动方式。序列中其余8次M_L≥2.0余震大多以走向NE的逆冲型地震为主,个别为走滑或正断层类型。主震和大部分余震的节面方向不一致,主震节面方向与余震长轴方向也不一致。③主震后库仑应力改变量显示,余震主要发生在主震引起的库仑破裂应力增加的区域。综合分析推测,NNW向天全-荥经断裂为本次地震主震的发震构造,倾向NE的机制解节面Ⅰ指出了该断裂的几何产状;M5.0主震发生后,立即触发了其旁侧的NE向西河-美姑断裂,并激发了多次余震。     

大数据环境下地震观测数据存储方案研究

大数据技术为处理海量地震观测数据提供了一种新的数据存储与计算模式。为了解决现有基于关系数据库存储方案的读写速度低、用户并发度低和可扩展性差等问题,以地震前兆观测数据为例,在详细分析业务需求的基础上,提出了基于HBase和Open TSDB的地震大数据存储方案,搭建了大数据测试平台,完成了不同存储方案下查询、插入性能实验和并发性实验。实验结果表明,与关系数据库存储方案相比,基于HBase和Open TSDB的存储方案具有很好的可扩展性和并发性,经过优化后的HBase存储方案具有更高的读取和存储性能。     

Evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka

The formation and evolution of permafrost in China during the last 20 ka were reconstructed on the basis of large amount of paleo-permafrost remains and paleo-periglacial evidence, as well as paleo-glacial landforms, paleo-flora and paleofauna records. The results indicate that, during the local Last Glacial Maximum(LLGM) or local Last Permafrost Maximum(LLPMax), the extent of permafrost of China reached 5.3×106-5.4×106 km2, or thrice that of today, but permafrost shrank to only0.80×106-0.85×106 km2, or 50% that of present, during the local Holocene Megathermal Period(LHMP), or the local Last Permafrost Minimum(LLPMin). On the basis of the dating of periglacial remains and their distributive features, the extent of permafrost in China was delineated for the two periods of LLGM(LLPMax) and LHMP(LLPMin), and the evolution of permafrost in China was divided into seven periods as follows:(1) LLGM in Late Pleistocene(ca. 20000 to 13000-10800 a BP)with extensive evidence for the presence of intensive ice-wedge expansion for outlining its LLPMax extent;(2) A period of dramatically changing climate during the early Holocene(10800 to 8500-7000 a BP) when permafrost remained relatively stable but with a general trend of shrinking areal extent;(3) The LHMP in the Mid-Holocene(8500-7000 to 4000-3000 a BP)when permafrost degraded intensively and extensively, and shrank to the LLPMin;(4) Neoglaciation during the late Holocene(4000-3000 to 1000 a BP, when permafrost again expanded;(5) Medieval Warming Period(MWP) in the late Holocene(1000-500 a BP) when permafrost was in a relative decline;(6) Little Ice Age(LIA) in the late Holocene(500-100 a BP), when permafrost relatively expanded, and;(7) Recent warming(during the 20 th century), when permafrost continuously degraded and still is degrading. The paleo-climate, geography and paleopermafrost extents and other features were reconstructed for each of these seven periods.     

层间隔震偏心结构双向地震耦合响应研究

建立双向地震作用下层间隔震双向偏心结构侧扭耦联分析模型;考虑上部结构及下部结构的弹塑性模型,隔震支座采用双向耦合非线性Bouc-wen模型模拟;分析偏心参数对层间隔震双向偏心结构的影响规律;评价双向地震作用下我国抗震规范给出的扭转影响系数静力预测值的准确性。结果表明,双向地震作用下设置中间柔性隔震层可以减小上\,下部结构扭转的耦连效应;下部结构存在双向偏心会对隔震层和下部结构扭转反应带来不利影响;LRB耦合效应对层间隔震地震响应影响较小;当下部结构偏心率较大时现行规范计算扭转系数偏于不安全。