鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征成因及旱涝规律

本研究分析了1960-2008年鄱阳湖流域的气候和水文变化特征,用水量和能量平衡关系解释和印证了这些特征,并由此揭示了鄱阳湖流域水文变化特征的成因及干旱和洪涝发生的规律.得到以下主要结论:1)正常或偏湿年份鄱阳湖流域6月份容纳水量能力已达到饱和,若6-7月降水量超出正常年份,则流域超饱和,洪涝发生.长江中上游降水量7月份的异常偏多会对鄱阳湖流域的洪涝起触发和强化作用.2)鄱阳湖流域7-10月蒸发量大于降水量,特别是7-8月蒸发量大于降水量的一倍以上,所以若4-6月流域降水量少于平均年同期量的20％以上,则累积效应使秋旱发生.当初冬(11月)降水偏少时,秋旱可持续到来年的初春,形成严重的春旱.长江中上游降水量对鄱阳湖流域的春旱没有直接影响,但7-8月降水量偏少时则对秋旱起重要的强化作用.3)长江对鄱阳湖流域的水文过程和旱涝的发生、发展的影响主要在7-8月的“长江与鄱阳湖耦合作用”时期和9-10月的“弱长江作用”期.     

四川盆地东部垫江盐盆三叠系嘉陵江组成钾远景分析

垫江盐盆位于四川盆地东部,是四川盆地三叠纪时期重要的成盐盆地之一,但本区是否具备形成海相钾盐的良好条件,一直存在争议。本文通过对四川盆地东部垫江盐盆长寿地区高探1井和长平3井嘉陵江组四段二亚段岩盐样品进行光薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X粉晶衍射及化学成分分析,发现长平3井岩芯岩盐样品K~+含量最高达到3.82%,在2749~2778m岩盐段发现大量杂卤石和少量钾石盐矿物。两个钻孔岩盐样品溴氯系数均显示其达到钾盐析出阶段。通过对长寿地区气候-物源-构造条件分析,发现长寿地区三叠纪嘉陵江时期古海水温度较高,气候条件炎热,有利于钾盐矿形成;成盐和成钾物质主要来自海水,物质来源丰富;保合村一带可能存在次级凹陷,古构造条件优越,有利于钾盐的形成和保存,是寻找钾盐矿的有利区。     

塔中地区古生界碎屑岩成岩作用及其对储层的影响

通过取心井常规薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X衍射等资料的分析,研究了塔里木盆地塔中地区古生界碎屑岩成岩作用及其对储层发育的影响。研究结果显示,研究区碎屑岩储层处于中成岩A期,且经历的主要成岩作用有压实与压溶作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、交代作用和重结晶作用等。另外,这些成岩作用对储集层孔隙发育及储层性质具有明显的影响:压实与压溶作用、交代、胶结作用、石英长石的次生加大以及重结晶作用使储层孔隙体积减小、物性变差,如压实与压溶作用使本区储层孔隙度损失14.1%~25.3%,交代、胶结作用使孔隙度损失13.9%;溶蚀作用是增加储集空间、改善储层物性最重要的成岩作用,如石英、长石及岩屑颗粒的溶蚀作用使储层产生次生孔隙,导致本区储层孔隙度平均增加6%~8%。      

华北克拉通东部岩石圈破坏与幔柱的成因

华北克拉通东部是指大兴安岭—太行山重力梯度带以东的地区。该地区与东北及华南地区一样,也存在着岩石圈减薄和岩石圈破坏的现象。华北克拉通古生代与新生代的橄榄岩包体地热值分别为40mW/m~2和80mW/m~2,地热增高是岩石圈破坏的重要因素。中国东部—朝鲜半岛的GRACE卫星布格重力异常呈巨型环状展布,可能是地幔亚热柱所致。区内郯庐断裂带呈NNE向纵贯切割,最新的地震反射剖面成果反映,该断裂带以走滑为主,兼有逆冲和正断层,所组成的大型"花状"复杂断裂构造带,切穿地壳、莫霍面,直至岩石圈地幔,起到破坏岩石圈的作用。S波速成像结果证实,在苏鲁造山带下方,分布的碎块状波速扰动带延伸300km,应是中生代扬子板块走滑俯冲、断离、折返的产物;而在渤海湾盆地下方,下地幔也存在陡倾的破碎带,延伸300km,在岩石圈76km处及其深部,S波速降低,扰动很剧烈,可能是地幔柱头部呈粗大状的反映,故可认为渤海湾盆地是由蘑菇云状的地幔柱形成。再从华北克拉通的大陆根来看,东部为A型反时针pT轨迹麻粒岩分布,而中西部则为B型麻粒岩,这是因为东部新太古代绿岩带中赋存有科马提岩,其岩浆温度可高达1 600℃,如用幔柱构造模型解释成因最为合适。通过研究近年大量地震反射P波和S波层析资料,华北克拉通的东部在晚侏罗-早白垩世及新生代期间,受太平洋板块俯冲和地幔热柱上隆的相互作用,深部的地幔流体常沿构造破裂带运移,促使岩石圈拆沉,并发生热侵蚀作用,形成酸性大火成岩省(SLIP)、裂谷型盆地的广泛分布和成矿成藏作用的"大爆发"。由此认为,建立区域构造模型将有利于指导深部找矿工作。     

大亚湾花岗岩某钻孔雨季水位持续走高原因探析

作为弱含水层或找水贫困区的花岗岩体,其地下水位变化受裂隙连通性和大气降水影响,出现波动是正常现象。然而在雨季钻孔水位一周内出现近40 m暴涨,且基本维持在高水位持续约3个月后,又跌落回正常水位波动,似乎不常见。以大亚湾中微子试验隧道工程地质勘察钻孔ZK3为例,连续开展两年水位动态观测,监测到上述水位剧烈涨落现象。结合该区水文地质条件、地质构造和岩体结构、降雨量日变化,分析了产生这一奇特现象的原因。很多浅表缓倾节理和构造成因陡倾节理组合成多个不同方向和长度的结构面网络,是水不规则运移和局部储存的控制性结构,雨季开始和结束时不同深度裂隙连通导水差别很大应是水位突变的重要原因。即雨季地表径流很大部分是由于下部裂隙被水充满和饱和,地表产流率高,而旱季深部水腾空或不饱和,浅表水才容易向深部渗透回落。初步提出的水和可能的密闭气体联合作用导致雨季水位高涨突变,或许是需要关注的花岗岩裂隙水的一个重要特征。     

高空大气温度变化研究

近年来高空大气温度变化方面的研究取得了长足的进展,内容涉及高空温度序列不同数据集、温度序列的均一化、最新观测研究结果及其温度变化趋势的分歧等。较为一致的结论是：自1979年以来,全球平流层温度趋于下降,对流层温度趋于上升,但升降的幅度仍然存在一定的差异。     

磨刀门水道咸潮上溯动力特性分析

为研究磨刀门水道咸潮上溯的动力特性,基于非结构网格海洋模型（Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model,FVCOM）,构建了覆盖珠江河口及其上游网河区的高分辨率三维斜压数值模型,采用实测资料对其进行率定和验证,并开展了咸潮上溯的数值模拟计算。根据计算结果和实测资料,对磨刀门水道大、中、小潮期间的盐淡水分层与混合特征、盐分物质的分层输移机制进行分析,探讨其咸潮上溯强度时空分布差异的原因。结果表明:小潮期,底层累积盐通量明显大于表层,净输移方向为陆向;大潮期,表层累积盐通量明显大于底层,净输移方向为海向;而平衡点一般出现于中潮期,这就是磨刀门水道咸潮上溯最强和最弱时刻分别出现于小潮和大潮后的中潮期的原因所在。     

Three-Dimensional P-Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust of North China

Since the Xingtai (邢台) earthquake in 1966,China Earthquake Administration has carried out a survey campaign along more than thirty deep seismic sounding (DSS) profiles altogether about twenty thousand kilometers long in North China to study the velocity structure of the crust and the upper mantle in this region,and has obtained a great number of research findings. However,these researches have not provided a 3D velocity structure model of the crust of North China and cannot provide seismic evidence for the study of the deep tectonic characteristics of the crust of the whole region. Hence,based on the information from the published data of the DSS profiles,we have chosen 14 profiles to obtain a 3D velocity structure model of North China using the vectorization function of the GIS software (Arc/Info) and the Kriging data gridding method. With this velocity structure model,we have drawn the following conclusions: (1) The P-wave velocity of the uppermost crust of North China changes dramatically,exhibiting a complicated velocity structure in plane view. It can be divided into three velocity zones mainly trending towards north-west. In the research area,the lowest-velocity zones lie in the Haihe (海河) plain and Bohai (渤海) Bay. Although the geological structure of the sedimentary overburden in the study area is somewhat inherited by the upper crust,there are still several differences between them. (2) Generally,the P-wave velocity of the crust increases with depth in the study area,but there still exists local velocity reversion. In the east,low-velocity anomalies of the Haihe plain gradually disappear with increasing depth,and the Shanxi (山西) graben in the west is mainly characterized by relatively low velocity anomalies. Bounded by the Taihang (太行) Mountains,the eastern and western parts differ in structural trend of stratum above the crystalline basement. The structural trend of the Huanghuaihai (黄淮海) block in the east is mainly north-east,while that of the Shanxi block and the eastern edge of the Ordos block is mainly north-west. (3) According to the morphological features of Moho,the crust of the study area can be divided into six blocks. In the Shanxi block,Moho apppears like a nearly south-north trending depression belt with a large crustal thickness. In the southern edge of the Inner Mongolia block and the south of the Yanshan (燕山) block,the Moho exhibits a feature of fold belt,trending nearly towards east-west. In the eastern edge of the Ordos block,the structure of Moho is relatively complex,presenting a pattern of fold trending nearly towards north-west with alternating convexes and concaves. Beneath the Huanghuaihai block,the middle and northern parts of the North China rift zone,the Moho is the shallowest in the entire region,with alternating uplifts and depressions in its shape. For the anteclise zone in the west of Shandong (山东) Province,the Moho is discontinuous for the fault depression extending in the north-west direction along Zaozhuang (枣庄) -Qufu (曲阜).     

Spatiotemporal variations of aridity index over the Belt and Road region under the 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming scenarios

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Aridity index reflects the exchanges of energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere, and its variation can be used to forecast drought and flood...     

Measurement and Comparison of Urban Haze Governance Level and Efficiency based on the DPSIR Model: A Case Study of 31 Cities in North China

In the decisive stage of developing of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects, hazy weather has become a major obstacle to the further advancement of China. Therefore, improving the level and efficiency of haze governance has become essential. Based on the DPSIR model, this paper builds a haze governance level and efficiency index system using the entropy method and the super-efficiency data envelope-analysis (DEA) model to analyze the data for 31 cities in North China from 2007 to 2016. From the aspects of spatial differences and influence factors influencing the comparative analysis, the results are as follows. (1) During the investigation period, the level and efficiency of city haze governance in North China showed a trend of fluctuation and decline, with obvious stages in their characteristics. Haze governance efficiency is much higher than its level, and its mean value reaches the DEA level which indicates that it is effective. (2) A significant regional gradient difference occurs between these two aspects. The haze governance level presents a convex distribution pattern of “east low-middle high-west low”, while the haze governance efficiency presents a concave distribution pattern of “east high-middle low-west high”. (3) The regression results show that economic growth has a negative effect on both haze governance level and efficiency. By contrast, the industrial structure has a positive effect on haze governance level and efficiency, but the significance of its effect on these two is different. On this basis, policy suggestions are proposed for improving the level and efficiency of haze governance in various cities in North China.