Evaluating the vegetation growing season changes in the arid region of northwestern China

Temperature has long been accepted as the major controlling factor in determining vegetation phenology in the middle and higher latitudes. The influence of water availability is often overlooked even in arid and semi-arid environments. We compared vegetation phenology metrics derived from both in situ temperature and satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) observations from 1982 to 2006 by an example of the arid region of northwestern China. From the satellite-based results, it was found the start of the growing season (SOS) advanced by 0.37 days year^?1 and the end of the growing season (EOS) delayed by 0.61 days year^?1 in Southern Xinjiang over 25 years. In the Tianshan Mountains, the SOS advanced by 0.35 days year^?1 and the EOS delayed by 0.31 days year^?1. There were almost no changes in Northern Xinjiang. Compared with satellite-based results, those estimates based on temperature contain less details of spatial variability of vegetation phenology. Interestingly, they show different and at times reversed spatial patterns from the satellite results arising from water limitation. Phenology metrics derived from temperature and NDVI conclude that water limitation of onset of the growing season is more severe than the cessation. Phenology spatial patterns of four oases in Southern Xingjiang show that, on average, there is a delay of the SOS of 1.6 days/10 km of distance from the mountain outlet stations. Our results underline the importance of water availability in determining the vegetation phenology in arid regions and can lead to important consequences in interpreting the possible change of vegetation phenology with climate.     

辽宁中部城市群大气能见度器测目测差异比较

利用2009年5月至2009年11月鞍山、沈阳、本溪、抚顺4个市区的器测能见度和人工观测能见度资料,分别按照不同气象要素和天气现象等情形下,对两种观测数据资料的差异进行了详细的统计分析.结果表明:与无视程障碍天气情形相比,出现具有视程障碍天气情形时,器测、目测能见度差异较小;总云量越多,两种观测值差异越小;PM10质量...     

Establishment of an Objective Standard for the Definition of Binary Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific

To develop an objective standard for defining binary tropical cyclones (BTCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP), two best-track datasets, from the China Meteorological Administration and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center, were adopted for statistical analyses on two important characteristics of BTCs—two TCs approaching each other, and counterclockwise spinning. Based on the high consistency between the two datasets, we established an objective standard, which includes a main standard for defining BTCs and a secondary standard for identifying typical/atypical BTCs. The main standard includes two requirements: two coexisting TCs are a pair of BTCs if (i) the separation distance is ≤ 1800 km, and (ii) this separation maintains for at least 12 h. Meanwhile, the secondary standard defines a typical BTC as one for which there is at least one observation when the two TCs approach each other and spin counterclockwise simultaneously. Under the standard, the ratio of typical BTCs increases as the BTC duration increases or the minimum distance between the two TCs decreases. Then, using the JTWC dataset, it was found that there are 505 pairs of BTCs during the period 1951?2014, including 328 typical BTCs and 177 atypical BTCs, accounting for 65.0% and 35.0% of the total, respectively. In addition, a study of two extreme phenomena—the maximum approaching speed and the maximum counterclockwise angular velocity in typical BTCs—shows that the configuration of the circulation conditions and the distribution of the BTCs favor the formation of these extreme phenomena.     

关中—天水经济区协调发展进程的社会网络分析

对城市间经济联系的分析能了解区域的协调发展状况.用修正后的引力模型分别计算出关中—天水经济区中6个城市在1999,2002,2005,2008年的经济联系值,采用社会网络分析软件Ucinet对关中—天水经济区各城市间经济联系值进行了网络密度、点的中心度、中心势、凝聚子群、凝聚子群密度、核心—边缘结构等指标分析.结果表明,关中—天水经济区的经济协调发展程度不高,有向着协调发展的趋势.因此,提出了关中—天水经济区早日实现成为全国内陆型经济开发区目标的一些建议.第一,加快推进西成一体化建设,着力打造西安国际化大都市,进一步做大增长极.第二,边缘区域中城市应充分发挥自己的角色,以实现经济区协调发展.第三,经济区内各城市要突破地理位置的束缚,形成网络开发的模式.     

GAMIT 与BERNESE 在 GPS 基线解算中的比较

对高精度数据处理软件BERNESE和GAMIT进行了简单介绍,并用这两种后处理软件来处理长度大于1 000km的基线,对各种软件解算的结果进行了比对分析,得出两种软件在数据处理方法、精度、解算准确度等方面的差别,并对其使用条件提出了建议。     

黏性土弱透水层压实作用:原理、技术及其水文地质意义

弱透水层与含水层相互作用是国际水文地质学界关注的热点问题,特别是黏性土弱透水层与孔隙含水层的相互作用。近年来,在自然沉积、过量开采地下水、现代化农业机械与建筑业重型机械应用等自然与人为活动影响下,黏土弱透水层会发生有效应力增加、孔隙结构变形和孔隙度减少、渗透性降低、溶解氧和贮水能力减少以及侧向和垂向排水等的压实作用,导致地下水污染、地面沉降等环境问题的发生。本文重点介绍了黏性土弱透水层压实作用的原理,分析了地下水系统中4种不同状态下沉积物压实与孔隙流体压力的关系,基于压实物理模拟和数值模拟两个方面对压实作用的研究方法与技术进行了系统总结,随后探讨了压实作用下黏性土弱透水层对地下水水量与水质的影响,并对此研究的发展趋势及其在地球科学、环境科学等研究领域的潜在应用提出了展望。     

压力对淤泥中C-N-S-Fe-H2O体系的影响

C、N、S、Fe是地下水中控制氧化-还原反应的主要元素,淤泥是黏土的演化初期,淤泥演化为黏土过程中会影响含水层水量水质,可能会造成地下水污染;其中的水岩相互作用可以概化为C-N-S-Fe-H₂O体系的相互作用。淤泥演化过程的实质是淤泥在压力的作用下孔隙度不断变小,逐渐固结成岩;淤泥内部不断发生生物地球化学反应,C-N-S-Fe-H₂O体系驱动各种物质的形态结构不断发生改变,其中加压速率和加压模式会影响淤泥里的C、N、S、Fe重要组分固液相的转化。本研究运用自主研发设计的增压装置,探究在3种加压速率(0.04 MPa/12 h、0.04 MPa/24 h、0.04 MPa/36 h)和加压模式(0.040.02 MPa/12 h、0.04 MPa/12 h、0.040.06 MPa/12 h)的情况下,固体介质中C、N、S、Fe向孔隙水释放的规律。结果表明:(1)匀速加压速率越慢,加压初期溶解性有机碳(DOC)、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}释放速率越快, {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}和Fe²⁺浓度变化增大;DOC、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Fe²⁺释放总量越多。(2)不同的加压模式,加速加压(0.040.06 MPa/12 h)下 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Fe²⁺的浓度波动较大;DOC、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的总释放量为加速加压(0.040.06 MPa/12 h)大于匀速加压(0.04 MPa/12 h)。(3)加压过程中,DOC和 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}呈显著正相关,改变加压速率会改变DOC, {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的相关性。本研究表明改变加压速率和加压模式会对DOC、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的释放速率、释放总量和C、N、S、Fe的转化造成影响,其本质为氧化-还原反应和水岩相互作用的强弱发生了变化;本研究为地质演化过程中压力导致的主要元素变化提供了新的认识,认识到了隔水层会影响含水层的水质和水量,为原生劣质地下水的成因和地下水污染防治提供了新思路。     

塔里木河流域2000-2014年地表覆盖动态变化监测

针对塔里木河流域脆弱的生态环境,该文采用地理信息系统、遥感技术手段提取2000年、2006年、2009年、2012年以及2014年塔里木河流域地表覆盖分类数据并对其变化特征进行分析.结果表明:2000-2014年塔里木河流域除水域、荒漠与裸露地表面积减少外,其余地表类型均呈增加趋势,其中变化量最大的为荒漠与裸露地表、冰川与积雪、耕地、草地,其变化量分别为-34 558.1 km2、14 351.15 km2、6 471.79 km2、6 383.94 km2.2000-2014年塔里木河流域荒漠与裸露地表面积减小,主要转变为了草地、林地与耕地;耕地面积增加主要来自于林地、草地、荒漠与裸露地表;冰川和积雪的面积增加主要增加来源为林地、草地和荒漠与裸露地表.     

An Analysis of the Discontinuity in Chinese Radiosonde Temperature Data Using Satellite Observation as a Reference

Reconciling upper-air temperature trends derived from radiosonde and satellite observations is a necessary step to confidently determine the global warming rate. This study examines the raw and homogenized radiosonde observations over China and compares them with layer-mean atmospheric temperatures derived from satellite microwave observations for the lower-troposphere(TLT), mid-troposphere(TMT), upper-troposphere(TUT), and lower-stratosphere(TLS) by three research groups. Comparisons are for averages over China, excluding the Tibetan Plateau, and at individual stations where metadata contain information on radiosonde instrument changes. It is found that major differences between the satellite and radiosonde observations are related to artificial systematic changes. The radiosonde system updates in the early 2000 s over China caused significant discontinuities and led the radiosonde temperature trends to exhibit less warming in the middle and upper troposphere and more cooling in the lower stratosphere than satellite temperatures. Homogenized radiosonde data have been further adjusted by using the shift-point adjustment approaches to match with satellite products for China averages. The obtained trends during 1979–2015 from the re-adjusted radiosonde observation are respectively 0.203 ± 0.066, 0.128 ± 0.044, 0.034 ± 0.039, and –0.329 ± 0.135 K decade^–1 for TLT, TMT, TUT, and TLS equivalents. Compared to satellite trends, the re-adjusted radiosonde trends are within 0.01 K decade^–1 for TMT and TUT, 0.054 K decade^–1 warmer for TLT, and 0.051 K decade^–1 cooler for TLS. The results suggest that the use of satellite data as a reference is helpful in identifying and removing inhomogeneities of radiosonde temperatures over China and reconciling their trends to satellite microwave observations. Future efforts are to homogenize radiosonde temperatures at individual stations over China by using similar approaches.     

Fluid Inclusions in Surface‐temperature Halite: Sample Preparation and Application

Paleo-temperature and paleo-environment can be interpreted from measuring homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions within halite. In order to conduct such measurements, vapor bubbles within low-temperature fluid inclusion often need to be created through cooling process by using cooling stage or freezer. Proper cooling is critical for interpreting measured temperature data. We tested two common cooling methods, using heating/freezing stage and freezer, for studying fluid inclusions in halite precipitated in laboratory at conrtolled temperature of 25℃. While using the heating/freezing stage, halite samples were kept at-18℃ for 40–50 min; whereas for freezer, samples were stored at-18℃ for 1, 10, 20 and 40 days, respectively. By comparing the homogenization temperatures of the two cooling processes, we explored the detailed experimental processes and developed an optimal cooling nucleation procedure for homogenization temperature analyses of fluid inclusions within surface-temperature halite. The results show that the maximum homogenization temperatures from both methods approximate the actual brine temperature of 25℃. However, extended refrigeration time has noticeable influence on the results. The refrigeration time of the experiment can be shortened to meet requirements.