Stable water isotopes of precipitation in China simulated by SWING2 models

The stable water isotope ratio in precipitation is a useful tracer of atmospheric circulation. Such observations, however, are very limited in space and time. To solve this problem, many isotope-enabled general circulation models (GCMs) are used to help the interpretation of isotope proxies. In this paper, several isotope-enabled GCMs released by the second Stable Water Isotope Intercomparison Group (SWING2) were selected to assess the spatial pattern of deuterium (δD) and the deuterium excess (d) of precipitation in China. The isotopic data of the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) and the Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (CHNIP) were also applied to verify the simulations. The results indicate that these models accurately simulate the spatial characteristics of δD and d of precipitation in China. The correlation between the observations and simulations for LMDZ is the highest among these models, while the root-mean-square (RMS) and standard deviation are not perfect. In addition, LMDZ is worse than other models in capturing the low signal in certain regions, such as CAM, GISS_E, and MIROC. For the monthly variation, most SWING2 models underestimate δD of the precipitation but overestimate the value of d, except for isoGSM. The simulated monthly variation of the water isotopes from SWING2 models is in general similar to the observations, and the trend corresponds to the monthly variation in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, all models are good at illustrating the temperature and precipitation amount effects, while they exhibit varying skills in interpreting the altitude and continental effects.     

Combined impact of climate change,cultivar shift,and sowing date on spring wheat phenology in Northern China

Distinct climate changes since the end of the 1980s have led to clear responses in crop phenology in many parts of the world. This study investigated the trends in the dates of spring wheat phenology in relation to mean temperature for different growth stages. It also analyzed the impacts of climate change, cultivar shift, and sowing date adjustments on phenological events/phases of spring wheat in northern China (NC). The results showed that significant changes have occurred in spring wheat phenology in NC due to climate warming in the past 30 years. Specifically, the dates of anthesis and maturity of spring wheat advanced on average by 1.8 and 1.7 day (10 yr)^?1. Moreover, while the vegetative growth period (VGP) shortened at most stations, the reproductive growth period (RGP) prolonged slightly at half of the investigated stations. As a result, the whole growth period (WGP) of spring wheat shortened at most stations. The findings from the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM)-Wheat model simulated results for six representative stations further suggested that temperature rise generally shortened the spring wheat growth period in NC. Although the warming trend shortened the lengths of VGP, RGP, and WGP, the shift of new cultivars with high accumulated temperature requirements, to some extent, mitigated and adapted to the ongoing climate change. Furthermore, shifts in sowing date exerted significant impacts on the phenology of spring wheat. Generally, an advanced sowing date was able to lower the rise in mean temperature during the different growth stages (i.e., VGP, RGP, and WGP) of spring wheat. As a result, the lengths of the growth stages should be prolonged. Both measures (cultivar shift and sowing date adjustments) could be vital adaptation strategies of spring wheat to a warming climate, with potentially beneficial effects in terms of productivity.     

The strong El Niño of 2015/16 and its dominant impacts on global and China's climate

The oceanic and atmospheric conditions and the related climate impacts of the 2015/16 ENSO cycle were analyzed, based on the latest global climate observational data, especially that of China. The results show that this strong El Niño event fully established in spring 2015 and has been rapidly developing into one of the three strongest El Niño episodes in recorded history. Meanwhile, it is also expected to be the longest event recorded, attributable to the stable maintenance of the abnormally warm conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean since spring 2014. Owing to the impacts of this strong event, along with climate warming background, the global surface temperature and the surface air temperature over Chinese mainland reached record highs in 2015. Disastrous weather in various places worldwide have occurred in association with this severe El Niño episode, and summer precipitation has reduced significantly in North China, especially over the bend of the Yellow River, central Inner Mongolia, and the coastal areas surrounding Bohai Bay. Serious drought has occurred in some of the above areas. The El Niño episode reached its peak strength during November-December 2015, when a lower-troposphere anomalous anticyclonic circulation prevailed over the Philippines, bringing about abnormal southerlies and substantially increased precipitation in southeastern China. At the same time, a negative phase of the Eurasia-Pacific teleconnection pattern dominated over the mid-high latitudes, which suppressed northerly winds in North China. These two factors together resulted in high concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) and frequent haze weather in this region. Currently, this strong El Niño is weakening very rapidly, but its impact on climate will continue in the coming months in some regions, especially in China.     

基于地形图的大比例尺DEM精度检查技术

大比例尺DEM成果精度检查是数据质量检查的核心内容,如何全面核查DEM成果精度、快速发现粗差区域对于指导DEM数据生产、提高成果质量有重要意义。结合武汉市大比例尺DEM数据生产及检查工作现状,提出以全要素地形图为基础,采用基于FME的高程信息提取模型和DEM精度检查模型,通过ArcGIS模板和Python自动化处理脚本对DEM成果精度进行检查分析和统计的处理技术。试验结果表明,该方法能提高DEM成果精度检查分析的效率和质量,可广泛应用于DEM数据生产实践。     

略论渔业资源学的数学化趋势

本文主要从渔业资源学中数学方法的应用起源，渔业资源评估学，数量分类学，统计生态学，种群营养动力学等数学分支在渔业资源中的应用发展及其动因分析等几个方面论述了渔业资源学的数学化趋势。     

应用非平衡产量模型对卡塔尔渔业的分析

剩余产量模型是鱼类种群动力学的主要模型之一。本文应用 1个非平衡产量模型分析了卡塔尔渔业。结果表明当前鱼类生物量是最大持续产量时生物量的 1/4,当前捕捞死亡率是最大持续产量时捕捞死亡率的 2倍。经估算最大持续产量是 782 6t( 80 %置信区间为 6767～ 7993t) ,最佳捕捞努力量是 2 4 8艘船 ( 80 %置信区间为 2 2 5～ 2 86艘 )。     

溴素的有机化学 Ⅳ．单取代苯甲酸多溴代芳酯的合成

报导合成了四种新的单取代苯甲酸多溴代芳酯：４－溴苯甲酸－２＇，４＇，６＇－三溴苯酯，双（４－溴苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇，５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯，双（４－羟基苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯和双（２－羟基苯甲酸）－２＇，３＇，５＇，６＇－四溴－１＇，４＇－苯二酯。