Statistical Analysis of the Dynamic Parameters of Silty Clay in the Beijing Area

Soil dynamic parameters, including dynamic shear modulus ratio and damping ratio, have important effects on the results of layered soil earthquake response. In this paper, the mean parameter values of silty clay in different depths are obtained after statistical analysis of the experimental soil dynamic data from 20 recent site seismic safety evaluation reports in the Beijing area. Furthermore, based on two typical engineering sites, the influence of four different soil dynamic parameters, the statistic mean values, experimental values, values recommended by Yuan Xiaoming, and the values recommended in the code for seismic safety evaluation of engineering sites ( DB001 -94) are analyzed. The result shows that mean statistical values are applicable to seismic safety evaluation work in the Beijing area, especially for some inter-layered silty clays whose undisturbed soil samples are hard to obtain.     

A preliminary study on seismic design criteria of offshore platforms in Bohai Sea of China

This paper analyzes the seismicity in Bohai Sea,introducing a shape factor K to characterize the seismic risk distribution in sub-regions of the sea. Based on the seismic design ground motions for 46 platforms located in the Bohai Sea,a statistical analysis was performed for different peak ground acceleration (PGA) ratios at two different probability levels. In accordance with the two-stage design method,a scheme of two seismic design levels is proposed,and two seismic design objectives are established respectively for the strength level earthquake and the ductility level earthquake. By analogy with and comparison to the Chinese seismic design code for buildings,it is proposed that the probability level for the strength level earthquake and ductility level earthquake have a return period of 200 and 1000 - 2500 years,respectively. The validity of these proposed values is discussed. Finally,the PGAs corresponding to these two probability levels are calculated for different sub-regions of the Bohai Sea.     

用空间光滑方法评估弱地震活动区的地震活动性参数

本文以长江中游地震带为研究区域,该区地震活动比较弱,发震构造不清晰,但人口、经济分布集中,中小地震往往会造成强烈的社会影响。自有记载以来,共记录到122次Ms≥4．7级的地震,最大的地震为1631年常德63/4级地震,在这样的区域进行地震危险性分析,依据构造特征和地震活动进行潜源划分的方法会带来较大的不确定性,为了更合理地评价其危险性,本文试图先在研究区内划分活动水平相当的等b值区域,然后利用空间光滑法计算各区的地震年平均发生率分布。结果显示,各分区内年平均发生率存在较大差异,年发生率分布图与现代和历史地震震中分布格局基本一致,为潜源区划分提供了一种量化的空间参考数据。     

2013年秋季东北地区气候异常及成因分析

2013年秋季,东北地区气候异常特征总体表现为：气温偏高,降水总体偏多,尤其10和11月降水持续异常偏多。分析表明,西北太平洋中纬度地区暖海温外强迫和大气环流系统的组合异常是东北地区气候异常的主要原因。秋季北极涛动正位相特征显著,东北地区上空为异常正高度距平控制,环流异常形势不利于冷空气扩散南下影响东北地区,造成秋季东北地区明显偏暖。秋季中后期,东北地区降水偏多主要受西北太平洋中纬度地区异常偏强的东南风水汽输送影响。     

2016年春季我国主要气候特征及其成因分析

2016年春季,全国平均气温11.6℃,为1961年以来历史同期第二高值,仅次于2008年（11.8 ℃）;全国平均降水量174.9 mm,较常年同期偏多21.7%,为1951年以来同期第三高值,仅次于1952年（187.1 mm）及1973年（179.1 mm）。季内主要发生极端日降温及极端日降水量事件。进一步分析发现,受欧亚大陆中高纬地区“+-+”斜压波列影响,我国西北地区受高空槽控制,而东北地区则处于低层辐合、高空辐散的形势,利于上述地区降水偏多。此外,受到厄尔尼诺影响,印度洋—西太平洋地区盛行反气旋异常环流,将大量水汽输送到我国南方地区,有利于南方地区降水偏多。     

POTENTIAL PREDICTABILITY OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OVER CHINA*

In this paper,based on the data at 70 stations selected evenly over China for 31 years from 1961-1991.three methods to estimate climatic noise have been discussed and then the climatic noise and potential predictability of monthly precipitation(January.July.April and October)have been examined.The estimating of climatic noise is based on the method of Madden and improved methods of Trenberth and Yamamoto et al.(1985).The potential predictability is approximated by the ratio of the estimated interannual variation to the natural variation.Generally.the climatic noise of monthly precipitation over China has obvious seasonal variation and it is greater in summer than in winter,a bit greater in autumn than in spring.In most areas,the climatic noise is prominently decreasing from south to north and from coast to inland.The potential predictability of monthly precipitation also has obvious seasonal and regional difference,but the potential predictability is greater in winter than in summer in most parts of China.Whereas the comparison of spring and autumn is not obvious.Comparing with the method of Madden,the estimated values of climatic noise based on the improved methods of Trenberth and Yamamoto et al.are relatively lower.     

空气污染与气候变化

近50年来,全球气候变化主要由大气温室气体浓度的日益增加引起,而空气污染主要由悬浮于空气中的大气气溶胶粒子造成,它们都主要由矿物燃料的燃烧排放形成.近年的研究表明,大气气溶胶粒子也具有气候效应:一是通过散射和吸收太阳光,减少到达地面的太阳辐射而具有降冷作用,可抵消一部分由温室气体造成的变暖作用;二是可以作为云中凝结核改变云微物理过程和降水性质,改变大气的水循环.大气气溶胶对于经济社会的许多方面,如农业、水资源、人体健康、城市化等也表现出重要的影响.由于空气污染和气候变化在很大程度上有共同的原因,即主要都是由矿物燃料燃烧的排放造成,因而减轻和控制空气污染与减少温室气体排放保护气候在行动上应是一致的.为了从经济上得到最大的节约和获得双赢的效果,应该采取协同应对空气污染和气候变化的减排战略,即应该采取统一的而不是分离的科学研究和应对战略.     

2015年全球重大天气气候事件及其成因

2015年全球平均表面温度继续偏高,比1961—1990年平均值偏高0.76℃,成为有气象记录以来最暖的一年。年内,赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏暖,全球海洋平均热容量突破历史纪录。北极海冰年内最大值又创新低,南极海冰继续偏多。受下垫面因子的影响,大气环流持续性异常导致全球多地出现极端天气气候事件,如春季南亚地区暴雨成灾,夏季欧洲受到高温侵袭等。分析表明赤道中东太平洋以及赤道印度洋的海温异常偏高引起西太平洋副热带高压异常偏西、偏强,以及印度半岛局地对流活跃是导致南亚地区春季暴雨频繁的主要原因;另外,北极涛动负位相的维持导致中纬度西风减速及经向型环流的建立,是造成欧洲7月初高温热浪的直接原因。     

Climatological characteristics of the moisture budget and their anomalies over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean (SIO) is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the cross-equatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and the South China Sea (SCS) to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific (NWNP), and North China (NC) as well as South China (SC) begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China (NEC) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins (YHRB) have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific (SWNP) in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of El Ni\~no and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific (WNP) is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998Part I: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

1. Introduction China is located in the East Asian monsoon re- gion. Every year's weather and climate in this region is deeply affected by the monsoon activities. Es- pecially, during flooding season (May to September), the summer monsoon controls large-scale precipitation patterns, the movement of seasonal rain belt and oc- currence of drought/flood disasters. The Asian mon- soon can be divided into two systems (Tao and Chen, 1987). As a major component and its unique location, the South …