Overview of the South China sea monsoon experiment

The present paper gives an overview of the key project “ South China Sea Monsoon Experiment(SCSMEX)” operated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China during the period of 1996-2001. The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic field experiment which aims to better understandthe onset, maintenance, and variability of the summer monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS). It is a large-scale international effort with many participating countries and regions cooperatively involved in this experiment. With the field observation in May-August 1998, a large amount of meteorological and oceanic data was acquired, which provides excellent datasets for the study of the SCS monsoon and the East Asian monsoon and their interaction with the ocean. The preliminary research achievements are as follows. (1) The earliest onset of the Asian monsoon over the SCS and Indo-China Peninsula has been well documented. From the viewpoint of the synoptic process, its onset is closely related to the early rapid development of a twin cyclone to the east of Sri Lanka. The conceptual model of the SCS monsoon onset in 1998 was put forward. The 50-year time series of the SCS monsoon onset date was also made. (2) Two major modes, namely the 30-60-day and 10-20-day oscillations were ascertained. The influences of the abnormal SCS monsoon on the precipitation over eastern China and its modes were identified. A strong(weak) monsoon over the SCS usually leads to less (more) precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, and more (less) precipitation in North China. (3) During the monsoon onset over the SCS, a wide variety of organized mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) were observed by a Doppler radar array deployed over the northern SCS. The relationship between large-scale circulations and MCSs during the monsoon onset process in 1998 was clearly revealed. It was suggested that there is a kind of positive feedback mechanism between large-scale circulations and MCSs. (4) The SST over the SCS during the early period influences the timing of the monsoon onset date and the monsoon‘s intensity. During the monsoon onset, the ocean undergoes a process of energy release through air-sea interaction. During the break phase of the SCS monsoon, the ocean demonstrates the process of energy re-accumulation. Obvious differences in the air-sea turbulent flux exchange between the southern and northern parts of the SCS due to different characteristic features of the atmosphere and sea structure were observed in those regions.(5) The verification of impact of intensive observations on the predictive performance is made by the use of regional models. The air-sea coupled regional climate model (CRCM) was also developed under the SCSMEX Project . The simulation of the oceanic circulation in 1998 produced with the model was well compared with the observations.     

新郑市水资源现状及对策研究

新郑市水资源紧缺、超采、污染现象十分严重。通过对水资源供需平衡的分析,发现用水矛盾更加尖锐。遵循可持续发展的原则,采取充分利用地表水、控制利用地下水、加强利用其他水源以及水源地保护等针对性措施,可解决新郑未来用水矛盾问题,给社会经济发展、人民生活提供保障。     

南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟

利用高分辨率的区域气候模式 (RegCM_NCC) 对南海夏季风爆发进行模拟研究。研究表明:该模式对积云对流参数化方案的选择十分敏感, 其中以Kuo积云参数化方案为最好, 可以比较成功地模拟出南海夏季风的爆发时间、爆发前后高、低层风场的剧烈变化以及季风与季风雨带的向北推进。然而该方案对于雨量和副热带高压位置的模拟, 与观测相比尚存在一定的偏差, 主要表现为副热带高压位置模拟偏北、偏东; 南海地区的降水量模拟偏少、降水范围偏小。此外, 采用4种参数化方案 (Kuo, Grell, MFS, Betts-Miller) 集成的结果在某种程度上要优于单个方案的结果, 这种改善主要体现在对南海地区季风爆发后降水的模拟上。     

1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统 的研究：I中尺度对流系统发生发展的大尺度条件

南海季风试验(SCSMEX)的观测表明,1998年南海北部夏季风爆发(5日16～20日)的主要特征是中尺度对流活动的突然爆发和降水迅速增加.文章通过讨论大尺度背景下中尺度对流活动及降水形成的物理条件,揭示了该时段中尺度对流系统与中尺度雨带形成的可能机制(1)在季风爆发初期华南及南海北部地区对流层低层较高的假相当位温与对流不稳定性、低层西南风辐合和高层的辐散为该地区的中尺度对流系统的发展提供了有利的大尺度热力与动力条件;来自孟加拉湾与副热带高压西侧的西南气流为南海北部强降水区提供了大量水汽,形成了该区深厚的湿层和强水汽辐合;(2)来自东亚中高纬地区几次冷空气活动是对流活动发生的重要触发机制,其作用是使对流不稳定能量迅速释放和对流活动在大范围地区突然爆发;(3)通过对南海季风试验期间安装在东沙岛和实验3号科学考察船上的双多普勒雷达资料反演的降水量分析表明,活跃的对流在季风槽和相应的风场切变线作用下,不断地组织并形成一些中尺度对流雨带(MCSs).1998-5-15～19季风爆发时段内,可观测到约12次中尺度降水过程,它们的生命期为6～10 h或更长;(4)南海季风槽与低层切变线的建立以及其中中尺度低涡的产生和发展是中尺度对流系统形成与维持的必要条件.     

用拟准检定法探测和修复GPS数据中的粗差和周跳

用粗差的拟准检定法来探测和修复GPS相位观测中的粗差和周跳，概述了用拟准检定法探测和修复周跳的数学模型，并给出了具体实施步骤，用两个算例验证本文方法的可行性和有效性。     

2017年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2017年,我国气候属于正常年景,气候灾害偏轻。全国平均气温10.39℃,较常年偏高0.84℃,7和9月为1951年以来同期最高,全国有113站日最高气温突破历史极值。全国平均降水量641.3 mm,比常年偏多1.8%。全国降水冬季偏少,夏季偏多,春、秋季接近常年。全国31站日降水量突破历史极值,其中多站出现在暴雨少发地区;47站连续降水量突破历史极值。华南前汛期和西南雨季雨量分别偏少9%、4%;梅雨季雨量偏多6%,但较2015和2016年明显偏少;华北雨季偏短10 d,雨量偏少28%;华西秋雨雨量偏多49%,为1984年来最多;东北雨季短,雨量偏少14%。暴雨过程频繁、重叠度高、极端性强,暴雨洪涝损失偏重;登陆台风多、时间集中,登陆点重叠;高温日数多,北方高温出现早、南方高温强度大。其他灾害如干旱、低温冷冻、雪灾、春季沙尘和霾天气影响偏轻。     

2018年春季气候异常及可能成因分析

2018年春季全国平均气温为1961年来最高,全国大部地区气温普遍偏高,尤其是长江以南及中国北方的中部区域偏高明显。全国平均降水量较常年略偏多,呈东部地区“南少北多”,华西降水偏多,而江南南部至华南、西北西部的部分地区降水偏少的分布特点。自北大西洋经欧亚大陆至东北亚中高纬上空的纬向波列及东亚低层维持的异常偏南气流是2018年春季中国气候异常的重要原因,且乌拉尔山以东的低槽和东北亚上空的高脊是关键环流系统。亚洲中低纬上空均为异常高压脊控制,尤其是东北亚上空的高脊造成了2018年春季中国大部地区气温偏高。乌拉尔山以东低槽有利于冷空气爆发南下而东北亚上空的高脊引导西北太平洋暖湿气流向西向北影响我国,冷暖气流交汇从而造成了长江以北地区及华西降水偏多,而南海至西太平洋上空的异常气旋则导致江南南部至华南少雨。另外,虽然2017/2018年冬季发生了一次弱的La Ni〖AKn~D〗a事件,并且2018年春季北大西洋三极子模态（NAT）呈较强的正位相,但其对中国2018年春季降水异常影响较小,而以大气环流的影响为主导。进一步分析发现,乌拉尔山以东的低槽和东北亚上空的高脊与中国春季温度和降水具有很好的相关性,易于造成中国气温偏高;东部降水“南少北多”且华西多雨。两个关键环流系统间存在显著的负相关关系,且均与欧亚遥相关（EU）波列关系密切。同时,东北亚上空的脊还与北极涛动（AO）正位相具有高相关。     

内蒙古太仆寺旗卧牛山花岗岩锆石年龄、微量元素特征及其地质意义

内蒙古太仆寺旗卧牛山花岗岩位于华北板块北缘晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩带中段。卧牛山岩体LA-ICP-MS锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄加权平均值为274.7±1.2Ma(MSWD=0.82),非前人认为的侏罗纪。锆石稀土元素总量为362.67×10~(-6)~1177.09×10~(-6),平均为797.91×10~(-6),各分析点的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式高度一致,富集重稀土元素,亏损轻稀土元素,具明显的正Ce异常及负Eu异常。基于锆石的稀土元素特征,通过构造背景及结晶环境判别图解、Ti温度计,结合区域地质背景及岩浆岩特征分析,认为卧牛山花岗岩为壳幔混源,形成于古亚洲洋向华北板块俯冲的构造-岩浆活动中,是活动大陆边缘的产物,与华北板块北缘晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩带东、西段二叠纪岩体的源区及构造背景一致。研究成果确认了华北板块北缘晚古生代—早中生代岩浆岩带中段与其东、西两段在海西晚期具有相同的成因联系。     

Dynamic Response of Sandy Slope Under Coupling of Earthquake and Groundwater

Based on dynamic elastic–plastic time history analysis method, dynamic responses of sandy slope in different groundwater levels are studied under near field earthquakes and far field earthquakes. The results show that the accelerations of the slope decrease with the increasing of groundwater levels, which demonstrates that the existence of groundwater damps vibration. The accelerations have different laws along the height of the slope under far field and near field earthquakes, however, the maximum values all appear at the top of the slope. The maximum horizontal displacement of the slope increases with the increasing of groundwater levels. The influence of far field earthquake on the deformation of slope toe is greater, while the influence of near field earthquake on the deformation of the slope top is greater. Thus, the top and the toe of the slope should be protected as the key position under earthquakes. The influence of high groundwater level on stability of the slope is more serious, and the safety factor calculated by pseudo-static method in slope seismic code will be lower for the slope in the high groundwater level.