全文获取类型
收费全文 | 19938篇 |
免费 | 3785篇 |
国内免费 | 4872篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 1370篇 |
大气科学 | 3949篇 |
地球物理 | 5167篇 |
地质学 | 10208篇 |
海洋学 | 2418篇 |
天文学 | 867篇 |
综合类 | 2048篇 |
自然地理 | 2568篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 105篇 |
2023年 | 369篇 |
2022年 | 1027篇 |
2021年 | 1197篇 |
2020年 | 1000篇 |
2019年 | 1119篇 |
2018年 | 1277篇 |
2017年 | 1111篇 |
2016年 | 1183篇 |
2015年 | 1024篇 |
2014年 | 1254篇 |
2013年 | 1238篇 |
2012年 | 1226篇 |
2011年 | 1243篇 |
2010年 | 1228篇 |
2009年 | 1157篇 |
2008年 | 1052篇 |
2007年 | 932篇 |
2006年 | 757篇 |
2005年 | 728篇 |
2004年 | 556篇 |
2003年 | 493篇 |
2002年 | 481篇 |
2001年 | 532篇 |
2000年 | 589篇 |
1999年 | 845篇 |
1998年 | 678篇 |
1997年 | 652篇 |
1996年 | 624篇 |
1995年 | 506篇 |
1994年 | 455篇 |
1993年 | 422篇 |
1992年 | 355篇 |
1991年 | 236篇 |
1990年 | 178篇 |
1989年 | 175篇 |
1988年 | 136篇 |
1987年 | 96篇 |
1986年 | 71篇 |
1985年 | 56篇 |
1984年 | 47篇 |
1983年 | 34篇 |
1982年 | 36篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 16篇 |
1978年 | 13篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1958年 | 17篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 109 毫秒
61.
For the assessment of shallow landslides triggered by rainfall, the physically based model coupling the infinite slope stability
analysis with the hydrological modeling in nearly saturated soil has commonly been used due to its simplicity. However, in
that model the rainfall infiltration in unsaturated soil could not be reliably simulated because a linear diffusion-type Richards’
equation rather than the complete Richards’ equation was used. In addition, the effect of matric suction on the shear strength
of soil was not actually considered. Therefore, except the shallow landslide in saturated soil due to groundwater table rise,
the shallow landslide induced by the loss in unsaturated shear strength due to the dissipation of matric suction could not
be reliably assessed. In this study, a physically based model capable of assessing shallow landslides in variably saturated
soils is developed by adopting the complete Richards’ equation with the effect of slope angle in the rainfall infiltration
modeling and using the extended Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion to describe the unsaturated shear strength in the soil failure
modeling. The influence of rainfall intensity and duration on shallow landslide is investigated using the developed model.
The result shows that the rainfall intensity and duration seem to have similar influence on shallow landslides respectively
triggered by the increase of positive pore water pressure in saturated soil and induced by the dissipation of matric suction
in unsaturated soil. The rainfall duration threshold decreases with the increase in rainfall intensity, but remains constant
for large rainfall intensity. 相似文献
62.
63.
Yuan-Bao Wu Shan Gao Hong-Fei Zhang Sai-Hong Yang Wen-Fang Jiao Yong-Sheng Liu Hong-Lin Yuan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2008,155(1):123-133
The Hong’an area (western Dabie Mountains) is the westernmost terrane in the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu orogen that preserves UHP
eclogites. The ages of the UHP metamorphism have not been well constrained, and thus hinder our understanding of the tectonic
evolution of this area. LA-ICPMS U–Pb age, trace element and Hf isotope compositions of zircons of a granitic gneiss and an
eclogite from the Xinxian UHP unit in the Hong’an area were analyzed to constrain the age of the UHP metamorphism. Most zircons
are unzoned or show sector zoning. They have low trace element concentrations, without significant negative Eu anomalies.
These metamorphic zircons can be further subdivided into two groups according to their U–Pb ages, and trace element and Lu–Hf
isotope compositions. One group with an average age of 239 ± 2 Ma show relatively high and variable HREE contents (527 ≥ LuN ≥ 14) and 176Lu/177Hf ratios (0.00008–0.000931), indicating their growth prior to a great deal of garnet growth in the late stage of continental
subduction. The other group yields an average age of 227 ± 2 Ma, and shows consistent low HREE contents and 176Lu/177Hf ratios, suggesting their growth with concurrent garnet crystallization and/or recrystallization. These two groups of age
are taken as recording the time of prograde HP to UHP and retrograde UHP–HP stages, respectively. A few cores have high Th/U
ratios, high trace element contents, and a clear negative Eu anomaly. These features support a magmatic origin of these zircon
cores. The upper intercept ages of 771 ± 86 and 752 ± 70 Ma for the granitic gneiss and eclogite, respectively, indicate that
their protoliths probably formed as a bimodal suite in rifting zones in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block. Young Hf
model ages (T
DM1) of magmatic cores indicate juvenile (mantle-derived) materials were involved in their protolith formation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
64.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to catalyze thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) by hydrocarbons (HC), but the reaction mechanism remains unclear. To understand the mechanism of this catalytic reaction, a series of isothermal gold-tube hydrous pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 330 °C for 24 h under a constant confining pressure of 24.1 MPa. The reactants used were saturated HC (sulfur-free) and CaSO4 in the presence of variable H2S partial pressures at three different pH conditions. The experimental results showed that the in-situ pH of the aqueous solution (herein, in-situ pH refers to the calculated pH of aqueous solution under the experimental conditions) can significantly affect the rate of the TSR reaction. A substantial increase in the TSR reaction rate was recorded with a decrease in the in-situ pH value of the aqueous solution involved. A positive correlation between the rate of TSR and the initial partial pressure of H2S occurred under acidic conditions (at pH ∼3-3.5). However, sulfate reduction at pH ∼5.0 was undetectable even at high initial H2S concentrations. To investigate whether the reaction of H2S(aq) and occurs at pH ∼3, an additional series of isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments was conducted with CaSO4 and variable H2S partial pressures in the absence of HC at the same experimental temperature and pressure conditions. CaSO4 reduction was not measurable in the absence of paraffin even with high H2S pressure and acidic conditions. These experimental observations indicate that the formation of organosulfur intermediates from H2S reacting with hydrocarbons may play a significant role in sulfate reduction under our experimental conditions rather than the formation of elemental sulfur from H2S reacting with sulfate as has been suggested previously (Toland W. G. (1960) Oxidation of organic compounds with aqueous sulphate. J. Am. Chem. Soc.82, 1911-1916).Quantification of labile organosulfur compounds (LSC), such as thiols and sulfides, was performed on the products of the reaction of H2S and HC from a series of gold-tube non-isothermal hydrous pyrolysis experiments conducted at about pH 3 from 300 to 370 °C and a 0.1-°C/h heating rate. Incorporation of sulfur into HC resulted in an appreciable amount of thiol and sulfide formation. The rate of LSC formation positively correlated with the initial H2S pressure. Thus, we propose that the LSC produced from H2S reaction with HC are most likely the reactive intermediates for H2S initiation of sulfate reduction. We further propose a three-step reaction scheme of sulfate reduction by HC under reservoir conditions, and discuss the geological implications of our experimental findings with regard to the effect of formation water and oil chemistry, in particular LSC content. 相似文献
65.
We have determined the metallographic cooling rates for 13 IVA irons using the most recent and most accurate metallographic cooling rate model. Group IVA irons have cooling rates that vary from 6600 °C/Myr at the low-Ni end of the group to 100 °C/Myr at the high-Ni end of the group. This large cooling rate range is totally incompatible with cooling in a mantled core which should have a uniform cooling rate. Thermal and fractional crystallization models have been used to describe the cooling and solidification of the IVA asteroid. The thermal model indicates that a metallic body of 150 ± 50 km in radius with less than 1 km of silicate on the outside of the body has a range of cooling rates that match the metallographic cooling rates in IVA irons in the temperature range 700-400 °C where the Widmanstätten pattern formed. The fractional crystallization model for Ni with initial S contents between 3 and 9 wt% is consistent with the measured variation of cooling rate with bulk Ni and the thermal model. New models for impacts in the early solar system and the evolution of the primordial asteroid belt allow us to propose that the IVA irons crystallized and cooled in a metallic body that was derived from a differentiated protoplanet during a grazing impact. Other large magmatic iron groups, IIAB, IIIAB, and IVB, also show significant cooling rate ranges and are very likely to share a similar history. 相似文献
66.
Qisheng Ma 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(22):5446-5456
Formation of the Carbon-13 (13C) and deuterium (D) doubly-substituted methane isotopologues (13CH3D) in natural gases is studied utilizing both first-principle quantum mechanism molecular calculation and direct FTIR laboratorial measurements of specifically synthesized high isotope concentration methane gas. For 13CH3D, the symmetrically breathing mode A0 emerges as IR-detectable attributed to the molecular symmetry lowering to C3v from Td of the non-isotopic methane (CH4), along with a large vibrational frequency shift from ∼3000 to ∼2250 cm−1. Our studies also indicate that the concentration of 13CH3D is dependent on the environmental temperature through isotope exchanges among methane isotopologues; and the Gibbs’ Free Energy difference due to Quantum Mechanics Zero-Point vibrational motions has the major contribution to this temperature dependency. Potential geologic applications of the 13CH3D measurement to natural gas exploration and assessments are also discussed. In order to detect the 13CH3D concentration change of each 50 °C in the natural gas system, a 10−9 resolution is desirable. Such a measurement could provide important add-on information to distinguish natural gas origin and distribution. 相似文献
67.
Identifying China’s leading world city: a network approach 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper reports our research on China’s world cities. Formal network analysis of air passenger linkages for recent years
among China’s most populous cities and among many of the world’s largest cities allows us to identify the country’s leading
world city from among the leading Mainland candidates, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We theorize our findings about China’s
world cities in relation to both global forces (and China’s increasing entanglement with them) and the policies and actions
of the national state. We examine the national and global urban network through a longitudinal, two-level analysis of airline
passenger travel for four time points between about 1990 and 2005. We show that Beijing was China’s leading world city at
the beginning of the time period, a status it lost nationally in as early as 1995, and then globally 10 years later. On the
other hand Shanghai became China’s leading world city, and it acquired this status first nationally in 2000, and then globally
in 2005. The changing status of the Chinese capital corresponds to the country’s increasing involvement with the capitalist
world economy. Shanghai’s ascendance as the leading world city in China may indicate that global forces have come to play
an increasingly important role relative to that of the developmental state.
相似文献
Michael F. TimberlakeEmail: |
68.
69.
Li Miao Ruisong Xu Yueliang Ma Jinhong Xu Jie Wang Rui Cai Yu Chen 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2008,96(1):43-52
In the Hetai goldfield, Guangdong Province, China, samples including rocks, soils and leaves of four plants (Pinus massoniana, Rhodomyrms tomenlosa, D. linearis var. dichotoma and Embelia laeta) collected from the gold mineralization zone and the background area were analyzed for Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, As and physiological parameters. The objective of this investigation is to study the geochemical and biogeochemical characteristics of studied plants, aiming at biogeochemical methods in Au exploration. The goldfield region shows geochemical and biogeochemical anomalies. Abundances of Au in rocks, soils, plants and the leaf pigments in the mineralized area are much higher than those in the surrounding region. The plants display unhealthy physiological and ecological characteristics in the Hetai goldfield area. The cell structures of the goldfield plants were anomalous and aberrant, and there were many nano-metal particles diffused in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Macro- and microscopic evidences of the vegetation in the goldfield areas are distinctly different from the background regions. The strongly anomalies in responses to Au are profound in further geochemical and botanic exploration studies. 相似文献
70.
The concentrations of twenty four chemical elements in the surface layer of natural desert soils and the cultivated farmland soils were measured at a desert-oasis ecotone in the middle of Heihe river basin, north-west China. Background values were estimated for (a) major elements (Si 335.3 g kg− 1, Al 49.4 g kg− 1, Fe 19.1 g kg− 1, Ca 29.4 g kg− 1, Mg 8.9 g kg− 1, K 20.1 g kg− 1, Na 17.5 g kg− 1 and P 0.338 g kg− 1), (b) heavy metals and non-metals (Cr 55.8 mg kg− 1, Mn 404.8 mg kg− 1, Ni 17.7 mg kg− 1, Cu 5.1 mg kg− 1, Zn 33.7 mg kg− 1, Pb 15.5 mg kg− 1 and As 5.2 mg kg− 1) and (c) other trace elements (Ti 2.0 mg kg− 1, V 55.3 mg kg− 1, Co 5.7 mg kg− 1, Rb 82.4 mg kg− 1, Sr 232.9 mg kg− 1, Y 14.7 mg kg− 1, Zr 194.9 mg kg− 1, Nb 7.8 mg kg− 1 and Ba 720.6 mg kg− 1). After natural desert soil was cultivated for agricultural use, significant changes in element concentrations occurred under tillage, irrigation and fertilisation management. Compared to natural soil, the for the levels of Si, K, Na, Sr, Zr and Ba decreased, and no changes were observed for Rb, while the values of the other 17 elements increase in agricultural soil from 1.2 to 3.5 times. However, their absolute concentrations are still low, suggesting that the arable soil in this region remains comparatively a clean soil. The increased silt, clay and organic carbon content, under long-term irrigation, enriched the fine-grained materials, and application of fertilisers and manure contributed to the accumulation of most elements in arable soil. The accumulation of elements in agricultural soil increased with increasing cultivation years and extent of soil development. 相似文献