A new multipath mitigation method based on adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising and double reference shift strategy

Multipath disturbance is one of the major error sources in high-accuracy positioning for global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Although various methods based on software and hardware strategies have been developed to mitigate this error, they are still limited by different kinds of factors and the effect is not ideal. After analyzing the existing methods, a new single-difference sidereal filtering method, based on adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising and double reference shift strategy (ATDR), is proposed to mitigate multipath effects for static short-baseline GNSS applications. The key idea of the proposed method is the use of both the adaptive thresholding wavelet denoising to extract an accurate multipath correction model from the reference Day and the double reference shift strategy to mitigate multipath for subsequent Day 2 more accurately and efficiently. By applying the introduced adaptive thresholding method, the average improvement rate of the RMS values of the single-difference residuals can reach about 15.82% compared with the constant thresholding method. Moreover, after applying the proposed ATDR method, the 3D positioning precision is improved by about 37.73% for the single epoch mode with 30 s data sampling rate and about 31.22% for the continuous mode with 1 s high sampling rate compared with the original results. Even compared with the constant thresholding single orbital reference (CTSR) method, the improvement percentage is about 33.94% in single epoch mode and about 25.40% in continuous mode for 3D positioning precision, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the two experiments indicate that the proposed ATDR method performs much better than the CTSR method in mitigating multipath for different sampling rates and different processing modes in the measurement domain for GNSS static short-baseline postprocessing applications.     

Modelling coastal land use change by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into cellular automata models

This paper presents a spatial autoregressive (SAR) method-based cellular automata (termed SAR-CA) model to simulate coastal land use change, by incorporating spatial autocorrelation into transition rules. The model captures the spatial relationships between explained and explanatory variables and then integrates them into CA transition rules. A conventional CA model (LogCA) based on logistic regression (LR) was studied as a comparison. These two CA models were applied to simulate urban land use change of coastal regions in Ningbo of China from 2000 to 2015. Compared to the LR method, the SAR model yielded smaller accumulated residuals that showed a random distribution in fitting the CA transition rules. The better-fitting SAR model performed well in simulating urban land use change and scored an overall accuracy of 85.3%, improving on the LogCA model by 3.6%. Landscape metrics showed that the pattern generated by the SAR-CA model has less difference with the observed pattern.     

Examining human heat stress with remote sensing technology

Heat stress as an environmental hazard which can seriously affect productivity, health, or even survival of individuals has long been studied. Despite the endeavors that have been made to address the issue quantitatively with various heat stress indices, they are often measured at scatter sites. This research devotes to revealing human heat stress within continuous space with remote sensing technology. The study began with the retrieval of dry-bulb temperature from land surface temperature (LST) with empirical models. As wet-bulb temperature was calculated from dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity, discomfort index (DI) as an indicator of heat stress was revealed for the study area at 1 km spatial resolution for three summer days. Results indicated that DI can be derived within continuous space with remotely sensed data, and its spatial distribution can be dramatically affected by relative humidity. Further comparison between DI and LST indicated that LST as a widely utilized indicator of surface thermal condition fails to address human heat stress as environmental factors such as relative humidity are not taken into account.     

基于DEM的6种坡度提取算法的比较分析——以山东省青岛市为例

坡度是描述地形特征信息的一个重要指标,对于制订土地利用规划和防御地质灾害具有重要意义。本文基于山东省青岛市的ASTER GDEM数据,利用MATLAB进行矩阵运算,采用6种坡度提取算法分别获取坡度矩阵、最大值和中误差等统计指标,对比分析6种算法的提取精度。结果表明:简单差分算法出现极端和偏差情况的概率较高,可信度不高;三阶不带权差分和三阶反距离平方权差分算法比较稳定,偏差较小且精度较高,对沿海地区坡度提取具有借鉴意义。     

用于海上溢油监测的航海雷达图像降噪技术研究

航海雷达溢油监测技术具有大范围目标探测、工作方式灵活、能够适应恶劣天气的优势。而海上溢油监测技术应用的航海雷达原始图像数据中,含有大量的同频干扰、斑点、假目标等噪声,处理上述噪声是航海雷达海上溢油监测技术研究的首要工作。本文基于先锁定噪声位置,再消除噪声的思想,提出了一种有效的航海雷达原始回波图像的降噪技术。以大连716溢油事故中采集得到的数据进行试验,并分析处理结果,这种方法不仅能够很好地消除干扰噪声,而且能够有效地保护航海雷达原始回波图像中的海浪信息,为溢油监测技术研究提供了良好的数据基础。     

内蒙古平安地元古代构造混杂岩的发现与地质意义

正研究区位于内蒙古东部天山镇西平安地地区,古生代大地构造位置由南向北可划分为华北板块、白乃庙岛弧和索伦—林西缝合带(图1)。Xiao等(2015)和Jian等(2012)等认为温都尔庙—柯丹山—西拉木伦蛇绿混杂岩带是华北板块和西伯利亚板块的缝合带,研究区则位于该混杂岩带以南白乃庙岛弧一侧。     

陕南西乡寒武纪梅树村期微古生物群产出层位的地球化学特征及古环境和古气候条件研究

陕南西乡微体化石对于研究寒武纪大爆发具有非常重要的意义,前人研究大都局限于微体古生物的研究,而化石的成岩背景以及古环境研究尚属空白。因此本文通过测试主微量稀土元素及氧同位素来分析研究区的古沉积环境,在一定程度上填补了这一区域的空白。研究手段虽然在地化领域比较常见,但具有重要的参考价值。本文通过对富含小壳化石的“宽川铺段”及其上、下地层的微量元素Sr/Ba、Ni/Co、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Mn/Fe等比值及主量元素、稀土元素含量、氧同位素特征的综合研究发现,研究区灯影组顶部环境为缺氧状态到宽川铺段弱氧化状态再到郭家坝组底部缺氧状态的海相沉积环境;水动力条件较弱,水体先上升后下降;上白云岩段、宽川铺段是较为温暖的气候,且比郭家坝组底部气候干旱。这对于研究该区寒武纪梅树村期的古环境和古气候变化具有重要的理论意义。     

云南沾益小米戛磷矿渔户村组磷块岩地球化学特征及成因分析

小米戛磷矿是云南曲靖沾益地区新发现的矿床。本文对该矿床渔户村组磷块岩的主量、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征进行研究,探讨沾益渔户村组磷块岩的成磷环境和成磷物质来源。研究表明小米戛磷矿磷块岩富SiO_2(28.50%～51.47%)、CaO(20.21%～34.31%)、P_2O_5(15.48%～25.42%)。磷块岩中Ba、Sr、Cu、Pb、Zn、V、Mo等元素富集,显示生物聚磷作用。磷块岩的Sr/Ba=0.10～1.40,U/Th比值大于1(1.35～4.15),表明磷块岩的形成可能有热液活动的参与。磷块岩稀土元素总量较高(148.84×10~(-6)～232.16×10~(-6)),经北美页岩标准化的稀土配分模式曲线近水平,但LREE/HREE=2.96～5.37,显示一定程度的轻稀土元素富集,进一步暗示磷矿的形成受热水沉积成矿作用与生物成矿作用共同控制。磷块岩中U元素高度富集(富集系数平均值8.84),V/Cr=1.08～3.01(平均值为2.12),Ce_(anom)=-0.50～-0.35,介于-0.5与-0.1之间,表明磷块岩形成于次氧化环境。综上所述,在早寒武世渔户村期的潮坪-泻湖环境,磷质沉积物发生胶结作用形成初始磷矿层;后期生物繁盛,生物遗体中所含的磷被大量地分解,不同深度的大量含磷物质伴随上升洋流进一步改造初始磷矿层,最终成矿。     

华北克拉通东缘金岭杂岩体岩浆源区及构造背景:来自岩相学、岩石地球化学及年代学的证据

金岭杂岩体由细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪闪长岩、中细粒黑云角闪二长闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩组成,是鲁西地区典型矽卡岩型富铁矿(金岭铁矿)控矿岩体。本次研究对细粒黑云角闪闪长岩和细粒角闪二长闪长岩进行了锆石LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb定年,其结果分别为129.2±3.2 Ma和132.8±1.2 Ma,表明该杂岩体的侵位时代为早白垩世。样品SiO2、K2O和Na2O含量分别介于54.17%~63.73%、1.92%~4.76%和3.10%~5.41%之间,K2O/Na2O为0.58~0.94,A/CNK为0.60~0.93,具有轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损的右倾型稀土配分模式,轻、重稀土分馏程度中等((La/Yb)N=9.94~23.49),Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.84~1.10),具中—弱负Ce异常(δCe=0.56~0.92)。样品以富集大离子亲石元素(Ba、K、U、Pb等)、亏损高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Ti)以及高Sr/Y为特征。金岭杂岩体为燕山晚期岩浆活动产物,属准铝质高钾钙碱性系列,岩浆主要来源于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并在岩浆上升侵位的过程中有地壳物质的同化混染。燕山晚期华北克拉通在古太平洋板块俯冲后后撤引起的板内伸展环境下,增厚陆壳减薄阶段,岩浆上侵就位形成金岭杂岩体。     

云南省澜沧地区风化壳型稀土矿化的新发现及找矿前景

云南省澜沧地区位于滇西南地区,地处西南"三江"造山带南段,主体属班公湖-怒江-昌宁-孟连结合带南段,是云南省重要的铅锌银多金属矿分布区,以往在澜沧地区开展了诸多铅锌银矿调查工作,未对澜沧地区稀土矿化进行详细工作,本次通过矿产地质调查工作发现有花岗岩风化壳型、火山岩风化壳型、灰岩风化壳型三种不同的稀土矿化类型,其中花岗岩风化壳型稀土矿化具有较大的含矿层位面积,估算稀土资源量达大型;灰岩风化壳型矿化为调查区新发现类型稀土矿化,矿化与土壤地球化学异常吻合,稀土总量品位较高,含矿层位具有连续性,已开展概略调查地区估算稀土资源潜力达中型以上,具有较好的稀土矿找矿前景,今后对研究区开展详细的验证工作,特别是对灰岩风化壳型稀土矿化区开展研究,全面探索矿化层位特征、含矿性特征,有望取得新的找矿突破。