Effects of rearing temperature and density on growth, survival and development of sea cucumber larvae, Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)

In laboratory conditions, effects of rearing temperature and stocking density were examined on hatching of fertilized egg and growth of auricularia larvae of Apostichopus japonicus respectively. Data series like larval length and density, metamorphic time, and survival rate of the larvae were recorded. Statistics showed that for A. japonicus, survival rate (from fertilized egg to late auricularia) decreased significantly with the increasing rearing temperature (P<0.05). At different temperatures SGR was statistically significant as well (P<0.05) from day 1, and maximal SGR was found on day 9 at 24°C (159.26±3.28). This study clearly indicated that at low temperature (<24°C), metamorphic rate was remarkably higher than at higher temperature (>26°C). Hatching rate was significantly different between 0.2–5 ind./ml groups and 20–50 ind./ml groups. Rearing larvae at the higher density had the smaller maximal-length, whereas needed longer time to complete metamorphosis. This study suggested that 21°C and 0.4 ind./ml can be used as the most suitable rearing temperature and stocking density for large -scale artificial breeding of A. japonicus’s larvae.     

不同地壳速度结构对安徽地区地震定位深度的影响

地震深度定位对地壳速度结构模型有较大的依赖性。选取2017年安徽及周边M_L 1.5以上地震,使用PTD与单纯型定位方法,分别配置华南模型与AH2015模型进行重新定位,研究不同模型对安徽地震深度的定位影响。研究表明,使用PTD方法,配置AH2015模型时定位深度略大,且符合安徽区域地震实际深度的记录台站较多;使用单纯型定位法,配置两种模型所得定位深度差距不大,且深度分布均匀。说明PTD方法定位地震深度对地壳速度结构模型的依赖程度较大,AH2015模型比华南模型更加符合安徽区域实际地壳结构。     

地震拓扑预测

本文对地震参数建立了地震拓扑空间并把灰色系统理论中的拓扑预测方法引入地震预测之中,研究地震长趋势的预测问题。     

有限差分的时间和空间频散及其对逆时偏移和全波形反演的影响

有限差分是最常用的地震波方程数值模拟方法,但时间和空间离散会产生数值频散.正演是逆时偏移和全波形反演的基本单元,成像和反演的精度很大程度依赖于所采用的数值模拟算法.本文研究了有限差分的时间和空间频散特性及其对逆时偏移和全波形反演的影响.通过时间有限差分+伪谱法、时间频散校正+空间有限差分、时间频散校正+伪谱法获取时间频散、空间频散和无频散数据;发展了抗时间频散、抗空间频散、抗时间+空间频散的逆时偏移和全波形反演方法;采用理论模型和实际资料对提出的方法进行了测试.数值结果表明：逆时偏移同时受时间和空间频散影响,时间频散导致同相轴不聚焦、成像位置偏离,空间频散会产生高频噪声和虚假反射界面;全波形反演在低频大尺度反演中几乎不受时间和空间频散影响,高频精细反演中时间频散引起波形相移、降低反演精度,空间频散增加多解性、导致反演不收敛;抗频散方法可以有效缓解时间和空间频散影响,获得高质量的偏移剖面和反演结果.

     

辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震现状调查与分析

为了解辽宁省地震重点监视防御区典型村镇房屋抗震能力现状,通过现场调查的方式对辽阳、锦州和盘锦等地的村镇民居进行了随机抽样调查,并从场地选择、地基基础、建筑材料、构件的连接及抗震构造措施等方面对其抗震性能进行了分析。总体上看:房屋抗震能力不足的比例占85%左右,主要体现在抗震构造措施缺失及构件连接问题上。在此基础上对提高村镇房屋抗震性能提出了一些对策和建议,为辽宁省农村防震减灾工作提供参考。     

Characteristics of the precipitation over the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau

Variations of precipitation over the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau are analyzed by using data over station Yaan including daytime, nighttime, and daily-mean precipitation and satellite-derived information. A comparison of some features over Yaan and other stations is also carried out. Over Yaan, light-moderate precipitation contributes significantly to both the number of rainy days (96.9%) and the amount (66.9%) of total precipitation. The light-moderate precipitation occurs more frequently at nighttime than at daytime (by 44.5 days, or 33.4%, and by 520.6 mm, or 134.4%, each year), and the nighttime precipitation is mainly in the form of light-moderate precipitation. The number of rainy days and the amount of total precipitation have decreased from the 1950s to the 1970s and during the recent 20 years, associated with negative trends of light-moderate precipitation. Similar features are also found in the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite data. Local convective precipitation is the main form of the light-moderate precipitation over Yaan. The absorption of latent heat at the lower troposphere and the release of latent heat at the upper troposphere are larger at nighttime than at daytime by 1–2 times and 2–3 times, respectively. Both the peak value and the total release of latent heat over Yaan are significantly larger than those over the Tibetan Plateau, eastern China, and the western Pacific warm pool. These distinct local characteristics of the “rain city” Yaan are closely related to the interaction between the atmospheric circulation and the steep topography on the eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau.     

地质体中主要生物分子的研究方法及应用

现代分子生物学,生物化学及有机地球化学等领域的发展,为古生物研究者在发子水平上探索地质生物世界提供了新的概念和技术手段,本文着重讨论了可用于分子古生物学研究的生物分子,例如,维管植物的木质素等稳定生物聚合物,古生物细胞内的类脂化合物,碳水化合物,蛋白质及氨基酸和含遗传信息的核酸,分子古生物资料可用于探讨化石埋藏学,古生物分子系统学,生物演化模式与机制,分子演化速率,古生态环境再造等问题,本文较详细     

Long-Term Changes in the Extreme Significant Wave Heights on the Western North Pacific: Impacts of Tropical Cyclone Activity and ENSO

Seasonal extreme wave statistics were reproduced by using the 25-km-grid global wave model of WAVEWATCH-III. The results showed that the simulated wave dataset for the present climate (1979-2009) was similar to Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) wave data. Statistics such as the root mean squared error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (CC) over the western North Pacific (WNP) basin were 0.5 m and 0.69 over the analysis domain. The largest trends and standard deviation were around the southern coast of Japan and western edge of the WNP. Linear regression analysis was employed to identify the relationship between the leading principal components (PCs) of significant wave heights (SWHs) in the peak season of July to September and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific. The results indicated that the inter-annual variability of SWH can be associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in the peak season. The CC between the first PC of the SWH and anomalies in the Nino 3.4 SST index was also significant at a 99% confidence level. Significant variations in the SWH are affected by tropical cyclones (TCs) caused by increased SST anomalies. The genesis and development of simulated TCs can be important to the variation in SWHs for the WNP in the peak season. Therefore, we can project the variability of SWHs through TC activity based on changes in SST conditions for the equatorial Pacific in the future.     

陕西省夏季降水量的长期变化趋势

对榆林、西安、汉中夏季降水量的历年变化进行分析，并用灰色拓扑方法作了趋势预测。分析表明，关中的初夏旱和伏旱突出，半湿润地区的西安夏季多年平均降水量比半干旱地区的榆林还少。自１９５１年以来，陕西省夏季降水量的总趋势是：关中、陕南有下降趋势，而陕北下降趋势不明显。另外，关中、陕南的夏季降水还存在连续几年多雨或连续几年少雨的时段，而陕北则呈现出少雨年和多雨年交替出现的高频振荡。     

沉积物干容重分析及其沉积学意义:以东海内陆架海区为例

干容重是沉积学研究中用于计算物质通量的一个重要参量,对于正确认识沉积物的收支平衡、源汇通量以及地貌演化等问题具有重要意义。然而,干容重的分析流程和计算方法仍然缺乏统一的规范,导致干容重的取值不尽合理,影响了沉积学研究的定量化和精准度,这个问题需要引起足够的重视。本文选取了东海内陆架的表层沉积物和柱状沉积物,运用实验测试和间接公式计算两种方法获得了沉积物的干容重,对比分析了两种方法的精准度。研究发现,东海内陆架的细颗粒沉积物的干容重的数值范围是1.1—1.5g/cm³;影响沉积物干容重的主要因素是沉积物的成分与粒度,前者通过颗粒态物质的密度起作用,后者通过孔隙度来影响。建议:干容重的分析测试工作应在采样后尽快完成;运用干容重进行沉积通量计算时,应根据沉积物的平均粒度和孔隙度的空间变化选择合适的数值,以获得更加合理的结果。