采取井下钻孔预注浆方式确保巷道安全通过大型导(含)水断层

断 层 水害 的发 生 往往 对煤 矿 造成 的损 失 巨大 ,甚 至会 造成 淹 井事 故的 发 生。 但矿 井 一些 运输 巷 、通 风 巷 又必须 穿 越 这些 大 型 导 含水 断 层 。 采取 井 下 钻 孔预 注 浆 的 方式 、选 用单 液 浆 加 入少 量 速 凝 剂的 方 法 ,对 断 层 进行 超 前 止水 、加 固处 理 是十 分可 行 和必 要的 。     

Geochemical Evolution of Hydrothermal Fluids at the Daejang Cu–Zn–Pb Vein Deposit, Korea

Abstract: The Daejang mine is located within the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin. Mineral paragenesis can be divided into four stages (stages I, II, III and IV) by major tectonic fracturing. Stages I, III and IV are economically barren. Stage II, at which the precipitation of major ore minerals occurred, is further divided into three substages with paragenetic time based on minor fractures and discernible mineral assemblages: substage IIa, marked by deposition of quartz and Fe–sulfides; substage IIb, by introduction of base-metal sulfides within carbonates and some quartz; substage IIc, by quartz and carbonates with various sulfosalts. Fluid inclusion data indicate a complex geochemical evolution of hydrothermal fluids. Both CO₂–rich and H₂O–rich fluids were trapped in fluid inclusions at stage I and substage IIa. It is suggested that a compositionally heterogeneous fluid was formed by fluid boiling and CO₂ immiscibility at temperatures of about 400° to 300°C. Composite lodes of base-metal sul–fides, carbonates and quartz at substage IIb were deposited in open spaces created by fracturing. The fracturing event prompted rapid decreases in pressure and temperature of residual fluids and resulted in retrograde fluid boiling at about 200 bars and 300°–250°C during substage IIb. The progressive loss of CO₂ by CO₂ effervescence and retrograde boiling from substage IIa and IIb fluids resulted in pH increase and related increase in carbonate activity, causing deposition of abundant carbonates. The change in pH also caused the decrease of stability of hydrogen sulfide with Cu, Zn and Pb chloride complexes (as main transporting agents at Daejang) and resulted in the pricipitation of base-metal minerals. Deposition of Ag– and Sb-bearing sul–fides and sulfosalts of substage IIc occurred at temperatures of about 250° to 150°C from a dominantly aqueous fluid with low salinity (down to 3. 0 equiv. wt % NaCl). At this substage, aqueous fluid formed by mixing with cooler and less saline meteoric groundwater. There is a systematic decrease in caculated δ¹⁸O_water values with the mineralization stage (and decreasing temperature) in the Daejang hydrothermal system, from values of about 11% for stage I, through about 4% for stages II and III, to about –3 per mil for stage IV. The result of stable isotope and fluid inclusion studies are interpreted to indicate progressive less evolved and/or unexchanged meteoric water influx of an early hydrothermal system formed by highly evolved meteoric waters.     

PREDICTIVE MODEL ON THE YEARLY FREQUENCY OF TYPHOON LANDING IN SOUTH OF CHINA

The major purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model of the yearly frequency of typhoon.Based on historical data, a predictive model of yearly frequency of typhoon that landed in South China was proposed during the season of typhoon using the basic thinking and its algorithm of Pro.jcction Pursuit Regression (PPR). The results show that the predictive precision of PPR model is much better than that of stepwise regression (SR) model.     

联合平差中大地网定向和尺度系统误差的影响和分离

本文从地面大地网的定向、尺度系统误差的定义及对坐标的影响关系出发,分析了这些系统误差与地面网、卫星网之问转换参数的关系,推导了系统误差对转换参数的影响公式。在此基础上,提出了转换参数的区域性问题,并提出了分离区域性定向误差与尺度比参数的联合平差模型。     

一种深层地温的推算方法

根据热传导方程，利用差分方法计算导温系数，并用逐层下移温度初始场技术来推算深层各月平均地温，并通过计算个例加以对比分析。结果表明，该方法简单实用，计算精度有较大提高，效果令人满意。     

石羊河流域中下游地区地下水位动态特征及变化趋势

依据石羊河流域中下游地区64个观测点30年（1978-2007）的地下水位观测资料,定量分析了地下水位的季节性动态特征和多年变化规律及其分布地带,将季节性动态划分为径流、开采、灌溉一开采、蒸发4种类型,多年动态划分为快速下降、缓慢下降和基本稳定3种类型。采用灰色理论建立了所有观测点地下水位的灰色残差修JEGM（1,1）预报模型并进行了预报。预报至2010年,石河河流域中下游地区的地下水位仍将处于不断下降过程,但下降幅度较1978-2007年有所减缓,部分地带地下水位可能趋于稳定。预报结果对于改善流域特别是下游民勤绿洲的生态与环境将起到积极的影响。     

武汉市土地利用覆被变化与生态环境效应研究

利用1996年和2006年两期TM遥感影像解译图获取武汉市土地利用变化数据。基于GIS空间分析与数理统计方法对1996~2006年武汉市土地利用/覆被变化特征进行了定量分析。运用区域生态环境质量指数和区域土地利用变化类型生态贡献率,对研究时段内武汉市土地利用变化的生态环境效应以及导致武汉市生态环境质量变化的土地利用变化类型进行了分析与评价。研究结果表明:① 1996~2006年期间武汉市土地利用变化主要表现为耕地、草地和未利用土地的减少,林地、建设用地和水域面积的增加的态势。② 1996年~2006年武汉市的区域生态环境质量指数从0.451 上升至0.468。生态环境在一定程度上维持着相对平衡,并呈现出一种上升趋势。但生态环境改善和恶化的两种趋势并存。③ 局部地区生态环境呈负向发展,其中城市化引起的空间扩张对区域土地利用/覆被变化产生影响最为深刻。     

荒漠植物生活史对策研究进展与展望

植物种群生活史是指植物种群从种子萌发到种子形成所经历的全部过程,它包括植物种群生活周期各个阶段(繁殖、种子、补充与生长)的生活史特征以及与同一生境内其他生物之间和环境的相互作用。而生活史对策是生物在长期的自然选择下形成的、以各种生活史特征表现出来的适应对策,即由自然选择塑造的生物体外形和习性。本文综述了国内外植物生活史对策的研究历史、进展和生活史对策的研究内容以及生活史对策理论在荒漠植物研究中的应用。指出生活史研究仍存在不足首先是研究内容上,资源分配在多年生植物中的权衡仍未被有力证明,邻体效应与繁殖分配的关系在个体水平上仍不明了,多年生植物在不同邻体效应和生境下将采取何种繁殖对策目前尚无明确的结论;繁殖分配与性分配之间的关系,引起花序结构上资源分配差异的原因,各种繁殖对策中繁殖分配异同与维持机制等问题仍有待于进一步的研究;种子大小的变异机制以及生物学意义仍未得到令人满意的答复,更需分子水平上的研究来解释其机理。在群落水平上种子大小与萌发能力的关系不明确,萌发过程的时间扩散方式报道甚少。因此,这些方面的研究工作急待加强。     

Persistent organochlorine pollutants in Korean offshore waters: Squid (Todarodes pacificus) as a biomonitor

Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) were determined in Japanese common squid collected from the offshore waters of Korea. Liver accumulated higher levels of contaminants than mantle. The sums of DDTs, PCBs, CHLs and HCHs in liver were in the ranges of 164-4430 ng g⁻¹, 95-1030 ng g⁻¹, 15-121 ng g⁻¹, and 13-98 ng g⁻¹ on a lipid weight basis, respectively. Among the POPs, DDTs showed distinct regional difference in concentration levels and composition between the western and eastern offshore of Korea. One of the highest concentrations of DDTs so far recorded in the western offshore of Korea, that is Yellow Sea. This implies ongoing fresh input of technical DDT to this regional sea. HCHs were relatively high in the Yellow Sea as well, with an enhanced signal of γ-HCH indicating recent input of lindane. In contrast, CHLs showed higher level in the eastern offshore of Korea, that is East Sea, but PCBs showed an even distribution in both regions. Squid could be a useful bio-indicator for monitoring offshore water contamination by POPs.     

High incorporation of carbon into proteins by the phytoplankton of the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea

High incorporation of carbon into proteins and low incorporation into lipids were a characteristic pattern of the photosynthetic allocations of phytoplankton throughout the euphotic zone in the Bering Strait and Chukchi Sea in 2004. According to earlier studies, this indicates that phytoplankton had no nitrogen limitation and a physiologically healthy condition, at least during the cruise period from mid-August to early September in 2004. This is an interesting result, especially for the phytoplankton in the Alaskan coastal water mass-dominated region in the Chukchi Sea which has been thought to be potentially nitrogen limited. The relatively high ammonium concentration is believed to have supported the nitrogen demand of the phytoplankton in the region where small cells (<5 μm) composed of about 50% of the community, since they prefer to use regenerated nitrogen such as ammonium. In fact, a small cell-size community of phytoplankton incorporated much more carbon into proteins in nitrate-depleted water suggesting that small phytoplankton had less nitrogen stress than large phytoplankton. If the high carbon incorporation into proteins by the phytoplankton in 2004 is a general pattern of the photosynthetic allocations in the Chukchi Sea, they could provide nitrogen-sufficient food for the highest benthic faunal biomass in the Arctic Ocean, sustaining large populations of benthic-feeding marine mammals and seabirds.